1. Bioengineering Explodes! Janie Fouke Case Western Reserve University June 22, 1998 APL, Baltimore

2. The Goal l Maximize Value l Minimize Effort

3. Inventing the future is easier that predicting the future!

4. Burn all the books... Keep all the people. How much value have you lost?

5. Policy Alternatives l Pure Research (Understanding) l Strategic Research l Tactical Research (Use)

6. Pasteur’s Quadrant l High Understanding/High Use l Contrast with Bohr (High understanding) l Contrast with Edison (High Use)

7. Question the Linear Model l The pathway from basic research to applied research is neither monotonic nor linear!

8. Paradox of Appropriability l At what scale does the funder of basic research reap the benefit? l US funds research l Japan acquires research

9. Strong links to Industry l Hopkins: former reputation was for sending all of the bioengineering graduates to medical/graduate school l Currently, a third go to industry

10. Role of the economy l Jobs are so available, lucrative, and exciting that it is difficult to entice US students to attend graduate school

11. New teams l Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania with the Wharton School of Business l Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University School of Business and Department of Bioengineering l Georgia Technological University

12. Georgia Tech l Bioengineering department teamed with Business School to design graduate curriculum based around regulation/compliance/FDA-like issues l Entrepreneurial students will be more prepared for the demands of the market-place

13. Marquette/Medical College of Wisconsin l Graduate program to provide executive business skills and also knowledge about clinical equipment and procedures l Graduates can advise hospitals, HMO’s, third party payers about the short and long term consequences of their decisions

14. U Penn and Wharton l Strong entrepreneurial aspect l Designed to help people be more successful as they launch their start-up company

15. Graduate Schools and Industry l Keck Graduate Institute ($200M to start Engineering for Living Systems program l University of California-Los Angeles ($100M from Al Mann for bioengineering) l University of Southern California (another $100M from Al Mann for bioengineering)

16. Drivers l Unifying theme is market need l Drivers are commercial l Not the typical professor-cloning graduate schools

17. Curriculum developments l Whitaker Foundation l National Science Foundation ERC program l Engineering schools requiring biology

18. Engineering for Living Systems l Who works on bio-based systems? l Medical (largest group) l Clinical (instrumentation types) l Biotech (cell metabolism/mechanics) l Biological (agricultural industry) l Pharmaceutics (drug design/bioinformatics) l Others?

19. Pedagogical Topics l Bio-Manufacturing: how biological elements produce something of commercial value; how they integrate multiple systems l Bio-intelligence: sensing and control l Global economics: no more parochial attitudes... l Agile thinking: the design parameter changes as soon as you satisfy them