1. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org RTI: Strategies for Working With Behaviorally Challenging Students Jim Wright www.interventioncentral.org

2. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 2 Download PowerPoints and Handouts from this workshop at: http://www.interventioncentral.org/ aspp.php

3. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 3 “The process by which public schools identify students as learning disabled often appears to be confusing, unfair, and logically inconsistent. In fact, G. Reid Lyon of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development has suggested that the field of learning disabilities is a sociological sponge whose purpose has been and is to clean up the spills of general education.” --Gresham (2001) Source: Gresham, F. M.. (2001). Responsiveness to intervention: An alternative approach to the identification of learning disabilities. Paper presented at the Learning Disabilities Summit, Washington DC. Discussion: Read the quote below: Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?

4. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 4 Essential Elements of RTI (Fairbanks, Sugai, Guardino, & Lathrop, 2007) 1.A “continuum of evidence-based services available to all students" that range from universal to highly individualized & intensive 2.“Decision points to determine if students are performing significantly below the level of their peers in academic and social behavior domains" 3.“Ongoing monitoring of student progress" 4.“Employment of more intensive or different interventions when students do not improve in response" to lesser interventions 5.“Evaluation for special education services if students do not respond to intervention instruction" Source: Fairbanks, S., Sugai, G., Guardino, S., & Lathrop, M. (2007). Response to intervention: Examining classroom behavior support in second grade. Exceptional Children, 73, p. 289.

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6. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 6 Behavioral Disabilities [BD] and RTI (Gresham, 1992) “Resistance to intervention may be defined as the lack of change in target behaviors as a function of intervention. Given that the goal of all interventions is to produce a discrepancy between baseline and post-intervention levels of performance, the failure to produce such a discrepancy can be taken as partial evidence for a BD classification. ” Source: Gresham, F. M. (1992). Conceptualizing behavior disorders in terms of resistance to intervention. School Psychology Review, 20, p. 25.

7. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 7 Factors Influencing the Decision to Classify as BD (Gresham, 1992) Four factors strongly influence the likelihood that a student will be classified as Behaviorally Disordered: Severity: Frequency and intensity of the problem behavior(s). Chronicity: Length of time that the problem behavior(s) have been displayed. Generalization: Degree to which the student displays the problem behavior(s) across settings or situations. Tolerance: Degree to which the student’s problem behavior(s) are accepted in that student’s current social setting. Source: Gresham, F. M. (1992). Conceptualizing behavior disorders in terms of resistance to intervention. School Psychology Review, 20, 23-37.

8. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 8 Applying ‘RTI Logic’ to Social Behavior Support (Fairbanks, Sugai, Guardino, & Lathrop, 2007) Tier I (‘Universal System’) for behavioral support: Is implemented schoolwide for all students Requires that the school "identify and explicitly teach schoolwide expectations Includes a system to "acknowledge expectation- compliant behavior" Defines inappropriate behaviors and applies consequences for those behaviors with consistency Reviews group progress toward schoolwide goals (data collection and feedback) Source: Fairbanks, S., Sugai, G., Guardino, S., & Lathrop, M. (2007). Response to intervention: Examining classroom behavior support in second grade. Exceptional Children, 73, p. 289.

9. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 9 What does RTI look like when applied to an individual student? A widely accepted method for determining whether a student has a Learning Disability under RTI is the ‘dual discrepancy model’ (Fuchs, 2003). –Discrepancy 1: The student is found to be performing academically at a level significantly below that of his or her typical peers (discrepancy in initial skills or performance). –Discrepancy 2: Despite the implementation of one or more well- designed, well-implemented interventions tailored specifically for the student, he or she fails to ‘close the gap’ with classmates (discrepancy in rate of learning relative to peers).

10. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 10 Target Student Discrepancy 1: Skill Gap (Current Performance Level) Avg Classroom Academic Performance Level ‘Dual-Discrepancy’: RTI Model of Learning Disability (Fuchs 2003) Discrepancy 2: Gap in Rate of Learning (‘Slope of Improvement’)

11. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 11 Tier I Tier II Tier III How can a school restructure to support RTI? The school can organize its intervention efforts into 3 levels, or Tiers, that represent a continuum of increasing intensity of support. (Kovaleski, 2003; Vaughn, 2003). Tier I is the lowest level of intervention and Tier III is the most intensive intervention level. Universal intervention: Available to all students Example: Additional classroom literacy instruction Targeted Intervention: Students who need additional support than peers are given individual intervention plans. Example: Supplemental peer tutoring in reading to increase reading fluency Intensive Intervention: Students whose intervention needs are greater than general education can meet may be referred for more intensive services. Example: Special Education

12. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org Tier I: Universal 100% Tier II: Individualized 10-15% Tier III: Intensive 5-10% Levels of Intervention: Tier I, II, & III

13. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 13 Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports: Three- Tiered Approach Source: www.pbis.org

14. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org ‘Big Ideas’ in Student Behavior Management

15. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 15 ‘Imagineering’ Exercise Imagine that you are walking through a South Asian jungle with a guide. You are alone in the great forest. Suddenly you come upon a clearing. In the clearing, you see a solitary elephant enaging in these behaviors. What thoughts go through your head as you watch the elephant?...

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19. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 19 Big Ideas: Similar Behaviors May Stem from Very Different ‘Root’ Causes (Kratochwill, Elliott, & Carrington Rotto, 1990) Behavior is not random but follows purposeful patterns. Students who present with the same apparent ‘surface’ behaviors may have very different ‘drivers’ (underlying reasons) that explain why those behaviors occur. A student’s problem behaviors must be carefully identified and analyzed to determine the drivers that support them. Source: Kratochwill, T. R., Elliott, S. N., & Carrington Rotto, P. (1990). Best practices in behavioral consultation. In A. Thomas and J. Grimes (Eds.). Best practices in school psychology-II (pp. 147=169). Silver Spring, MD: National Association of School Psychologists..

20. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 20 Common ‘Root Causes’ or ‘Drivers’ for Behaviors Include… Social attention (adult or peer) Escape or avoidance Access to tangibles or rewards or privileges (‘pay-offs’) [Inattention or impulsivity]

21. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 21 “Showed disrespect towards me when she yelled inappropriately regarding an instruction sheet. I then asked her to leave the room. She also showed disrespect when I called her twice earlier in the class to see her report card grade.” Teacher Referral Example…

22. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 22 “I gave out a test. After a few minutes, he crunched it and threw it on the floor. If he were not prepared, he could have talked to me and I would have allowed him to take it on a different date, as I usually do.” Teacher Referral Example…

23. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 23 Big Ideas: Be Proactive in Behavior Management (Martens & Meller, 1990) Teachers who intervene before a student misbehaves or when the misbehavior has not yet escalated have a greater likelihood of keeping the student on task and engaged in learning. Source: Martens, B.K., & Meller, P.J. (1990). The application of behavioral principles to educational settings. In T.B. Gutkin & C.R.Reynolds (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 612-634). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ABC Timeline A CB

24. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 24 ABC Timeline

25. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 25 “C. and T. were horsing around in the classroom. In the process, they knocked down an overhead projector and crushed it.” Teacher Referral Example…

26. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 26 Individuals are always performing SOME type of behavior: watching the instructor, sleeping, talking to a neighbor, completing a worksheet (‘ behavior stream’ ). When students are fully engaged in academic behaviors, they are less likely to get off-task and display problem behaviors. Academic tasks that are clearly understood, elicit student interest, provide a high rate of student success, and include teacher encouragement and feedback are most likely to effectively ‘capture’ the student’s ‘behavior stream’. Big Ideas: Behavior is a Continuous ‘Stream’ (Schoenfeld & Farmer, 1970) Source: Schoenfeld, W. N., & Farmer, J. (1970). Reinforcement schedules and the ‘‘behavior stream.’’ In W. N. Schoenfeld (Ed.), The theory of reinforcement schedules (pp. 215–245). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.