1. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Training and Development 1–1 The Challenges of Human Resources Management

2. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2 of 66 Chapter Objectives Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to Discuss the strategic approach to training and development. Describe the components of a training needs assessment. Identify the principles of learning and describe how they facilitate training. Identify the types of training methods used for managers and nonmanagers. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation criteria. Describe additional training programs often conducted firms. LEARNING OUTCOME 1 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 LEARNING OUTCOME 3 LEARNING OUTCOME 4 LEARNING OUTCOME 5 LEARNING OUTCOME 6

3. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3 of 66 Training and Development and Other HRM Functions Training may permit hiring less-qualified applicants Selection Effective selection may reduce training needs Training aids in the achievement of performance Performance Appraisal A basis for assessing training needs and results Training and development may lead to higher pay Compensation Management A basis for determining employee’s rate of pay Availability of training can aid in recruitment Recruitment Provide an additional source of trainees Training may include a role for the union Labor Relations Union cooperation can facilitate training efforts

4. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 4 of 66 The Scope of Training TrainingTraining  Effort initiated by an organization to foster learning among its members.  Tends to be narrowly focused and oriented toward short-term performance concerns. DevelopmentDevelopment  Effort that is oriented more toward broadening an individual’s skills for the future responsibilities.

5. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 of 66 Training Expenditure Allocations by Type of Worker

6. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6 of 66 A Strategic Approach to Training Four PhasesFour Phases  Needs assessment based on the firm’s competitive objectives  Program design  Implementation  Evaluation

7. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 7 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 7 of 66 Strategic Model of Training

8. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 8 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 8 of 66 Phase 1: Conducting the Needs Assessment Organization AnalysisOrganization Analysis  An examination of the environment, strategies, and resources of the organization to determine where training emphasis should be placed. Task AnalysisTask Analysis  The process of determining what the content of a training program should be on the basis of a study of the tasks and duties involved in the job. Person AnalysisPerson Analysis  A determination of the specific individuals who need training.

9. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 9 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 9 of 66 Needs Assessment Training

10. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 10 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 10 of 66

11. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 of 66 A Competency Assessment for a Managerial Position

12. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 12 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 12 of 66 A Competency Assessment for a Managerial Position (cont.)

13. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 13 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 13 of 66 A Competency Assessment for a Managerial Position (cont.)

14. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 14 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 14 of 66 Phase 2: Designing the Training Program Characteristics of successful trainers Trainee readiness and motivation Issues in training design Instructional objectives Principles of learning

15. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 15 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 15 of 66 Phase 2: Designing the Training Program (cont.) Instructional ObjectivesInstructional Objectives  Represent the desired outcomes of a training program – Performance-centered objectives  Provide a basis for choosing methods and materials and for selecting the means for assessing whether the instruction will be successful.

16. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 16 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 16 of 66 Trainee Readiness and Motivation Strategies for Creating a Motivated Training Environment:Strategies for Creating a Motivated Training Environment: 1. Use positive reinforcement. 2. Eliminate threats and punishment. 3. Be flexible. 4. Have participants set personal goals. 5. Design interesting instruction. 6. Break down physical and psychological obstacles to learning.

17. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 17 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 17 of 66 Principles of Learning

18. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 18 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 18 of 66 Principles of Learning Recognition of individual learning differences Meaningfulness of presentation Focus on learning and transfer Goal setting - What’s the value? Behavioral modeling

19. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 19 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 19 of 66 Principles of Learning (cont.) Feedback and reinforcement Whole versus-part learning Active practice and repetition Massed-vs-distributed learning Focus on method and process

20. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 20 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 20 of 66 Feedback and Reinforcement Spot RewardsSpot Rewards  Programs that award employees “on the spot” when they do something particularly well during training or on the job Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification  The technique that operates on the principle that behavior that is rewarded, or positively reinforced, is repeated more frequently, whereas behavior that is penalized or unrewarded will decrease in frequency.

21. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 21 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 21 of 66 A Typical Learning Curve

22. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 22 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 22 of 66 Characteristics of Successful Instructors Knowledge of the subjectKnowledge of the subject AdaptabilityAdaptability SinceritySincerity Sense of humorSense of humor InterestInterest Clear instructionsClear instructions Individual assistanceIndividual assistance EnthusiasmEnthusiasm

23. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 23 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 23 of 66 Phase 3: Implementing the Training Program Importance of training outcomes Type of trainees Choosing the instructional method Nature of training Organizational extent of training

24. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 24 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 24 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees 1.On-the-Job Training (OJT) 2.Apprenticeship Training 3.Cooperative Training, Internships, and Governmental Training 4.Classroom Instruction 5.Programmed Instruction 6.Audiovisual Methods 7.Simulation Method 8.E-Learning

25. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 25 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 25 of 66 The PROPER Way to Do On-the-Job Training

26. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 26 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 26 of 66

27. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 27 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 27 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees (cont.) On-the-job training (OJT)On-the-job training (OJT)  Method by which employees are given hands-on experience with instructions from their supervisor or other trainer. 1.Coaching 2.Understudy assignments 3.Job rotation and lateral transfers 4.Special projects & junior boards 5.Action learning 6.Managerial staff meetings 7.Planned career progressions

28. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 28 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 28 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees (cont.) Internship ProgramsInternship Programs  Are jointly sponsored by colleges, universities, and other organizations that offer students the opportunity to gain real-life experience while allowing them to find out how they will perform in work organizations. Classroom InstructionClassroom Instruction  Enables the maximum number of trainees to be handled by the minimum number of instructors. – “Blended” learning—lectures and demonstrations are combined with films, DVDs, and videotapes or computer instruction.

29. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 29 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 29 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees (cont.) Programmed InstructionProgrammed Instruction  Self-directed learning—use of books, manuals, or computers to break down subject matter content into highly organized, logical sequences that demand continuous response on the part of the trainee. Audiovisual MethodsAudiovisual Methods  Video recordings, CDs and DVDs  Teleconferencing and videoconferencing  Web conferencing, webinars, and podcasts  Communities of practice, blogs, and wikis

30. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 30 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 30 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees (cont.) SimulationSimulation  The simulation method emphasizes realism in equipment and its operation at minimum cost and maximum safety.  Used when it is either impractical or unwise to train employees on the actual equipment used on the job.

31. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 31 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 31 of 66 Training Methods for Nonmanagerial Employees (cont.) E-LearningE-Learning  Learning that takes place via web and computer- based training (CBT)  Allows the firm to bring the training to employees  Allows employees to customize their own learning in their own time and space (just-in-time learning)  Provides continuously updated training materials

32. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 32 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 32 of 66 Learning Management Systems Learning Management Systems (LMS)Learning Management Systems (LMS)  Are “virtual learning environments”  Can assess the skills of employees  Can register them for courses  Can deliver interactive learning modules directly to their desktops when they need or want them  Can evaluate and track their progress, and determine when they are ready to be promoted

33. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33 of 66 Methods for Management Development On-the Job ExperiencesOn-the Job Experiences Seminars and ConferencesSeminars and Conferences Case StudiesCase Studies Management Games and SimulationsManagement Games and Simulations Role-PlayingRole-Playing Behavior ModelingBehavior Modeling

34. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 34 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 34 of 66 On-the-Job Experiences CoachingCoaching Understudy AssignmentUnderstudy Assignment Job RotationJob Rotation Lateral TransferLateral Transfer Special ProjectsSpecial Projects Action LearningAction Learning Staff MeetingsStaff Meetings Planned Career ProgressionsPlanned Career Progressions

35. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 35 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 35 of 66 Case Studies The use of case studies is most appropriate when:The use of case studies is most appropriate when: 1. Analytic, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills are most important. 2. The KSAs are complex and participants need time to master them. 3. Active participation is desired. 4. The process of learning (questioning, interpreting, and so on) is as important as the content. 5. Team problem solving and interaction are possible.

36. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 36 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 36 of 66 Methods for Management Development (cont.)

37. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 37 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 37 of 66 Role Playing Successful role play requires that instructors:Successful role play requires that instructors:  Ensure that group members are comfortable with each other.  Select and prepare the role players by introducing a specific situation.  To help participants prepare, ask them to describe potential characters.  Realize that volunteers make better role players.  Prepare the observers by giving them specific tasks (such as evaluation or feedback).  Guide the role-play enactment through its bumps (because it is not scripted).  Keep it short.  Discuss the enactment and prepare bulleted points of what was learned.

38. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 38 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 38 of 66 Behavior Modeling Behavior ModelingBehavior Modeling  An approach that demonstrates desired behavior and gives trainees the chance to practice and role-play those behaviors and receive feedback.  Involves four basic components: – Learning points – Model – Practice and role play – Feedback and reinforcement

39. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 39 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 39 of 66 Methods for Management Development (cont.) Tuition Assistance ProgramsTuition Assistance Programs  About half of all large corporations offer their employees tuition assistance if they take courses related to the firms’ businesses. Corporate UniversitiesCorporate Universities  It’s not unusual for large corporations to have their own “universities” where they train their employees and future managers.

40. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 40 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 40 of 66 Phase 4: Evaluating the Training Program Criterion 4: Results assessment Criterion 2: Extent of learning Measuring program effectiveness Criterion 1: Trainee reactions Criterion 3: Learning transfer to job

41. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 41 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 41 of 66 Criteria for Evaluating Training

42. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 42 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 42 of 66 Criterion 1: Reactions Participant ReactionsParticipant Reactions  The simplest and most common approach to training evaluation is assessing trainees.  Potential questions might include the following: – What were your learning goals for this program? – Did you achieve them? – Did you like this program? – Would you recommend it to others who have similar learning goals? – What suggestions do you have for improving the program? – Should the organization continue to offer it?

43. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43 of 66 Criterion 2: Learning Checking to see whether they actually learned anything.Checking to see whether they actually learned anything.  Testing knowledge and skills before beginning a training program gives a baseline standard on trainees that can be measured again after training to determine improvement.  However, in addition to testing trainees, test employees who did not attend the training to estimate the differential effect of the training.

44. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 44 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 44 of 66 Criterion 3: Behavior Transfer of TrainingTransfer of Training  Effective application of principles learned to what is required on the job. Maximizing the Transfer of TrainingMaximizing the Transfer of Training 1. Feature identical elements 2. Focus on general principles 3. Establish a climate for transfer. 4. Give employees transfer strategies

45. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 45 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 45 of 66 Criterion 3: Behavior (cont.) Measuring the Utility of Training ProgramsMeasuring the Utility of Training Programs  Calculating the benefits derived from training: – How much did quality improve because of the training program? – How much has it contributed to profits? – What reduction in turnover and wasted materials did the company get after training? – How much has productivity increased and by how much have costs been reduced?

46. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 46 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 46 of 66 Criterion 4: Results, or Return on Investment (ROI) Measuring the Utility of Training ProgramsMeasuring the Utility of Training Programs  Calculating the benefits derived from training: – How much did quality improve because of the training program? – How much has it contributed to profits? – What reduction in turnover and wasted materials did the company get after training? – How much has productivity increased and by how much have costs been reduced?

47. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 47 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 47 of 66 Criterion 4: Results, or Return on Investment (ROI) (cont.) Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment  Viewing training in terms of the extent to which it provides knowledge and skills that create a competitive advantage and a culture that is ready for continuous change.  ROI = Results/Training Costs – If the ROI ratio is >1, the benefits of the training exceed the cost of the program – If the ROI ratio is <1, the costs of the training exceed the benefits.

48. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 48 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 48 of 66

49. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 49 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 49 of 66 Criterion 4: Results (cont.) BenchmarkingBenchmarking  The process of measuring one’s own services and practices against the recognized leaders in order to identify areas for improvement. – Training activity: How much training is occurring? – Training results: Do training and development achieve their goals? – Training efficiency: Are resources utilized in the pursuit of this mission?

50. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 50 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 50 of 66 Criterion 4: Results (cont.) Deming’s Benchmarking ModelDeming’s Benchmarking Model 1. Plan: conduct a self-audit to identify areas for benchmarking. 2. Do: collect data about activities. 3. Check: Analyze data. 4. Act: Establish goals, implement changes, monitor progress, and redefine benchmarks.

51. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 51 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 51 of 66 Benchmarking HR Training

52. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 52 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 52 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Organization-wide training programs Basic skills training Orientation training Team and cross-training Diversity training

53. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 53 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 53 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs OrientationOrientation  A formal process of familiarizing new employees with the organization, their jobs, and their work units.  Benefits: 1.Lower turnover 2.Increased productivity 3.Improved employee morale 4.Lower recruiting and training costs 5.Facilitation of learning 6.Reduction of the new employee’s anxiety

54. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 54 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 54 of 66 Checklist for Orienting New Employees

55. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 55 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 55 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs OnboardingOnboarding  The process of systematically socializing new employees to help them get “on board” with an organization. Onboarding goes beyond just orienting new employees to their new environments. It brings them into the organization’s fold so that they truly feel as if they are a part of it. This is important because new hires are at a high risk of quitting.

56. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 56 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 56 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Basic Skills TrainingBasic Skills Training  Basic skills have become essential occupational qualifications, having profound implications for product quality, customer service, internal efficiency, and workplace and environmental safety. Typical basic skills:Typical basic skills:  Reading, writing, computing, speaking, listening, problem solving, managing oneself, knowing how to learn, working as part of a team, leading others.

57. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 57 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 57 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs To implement a successful program in basic and remedial skills:To implement a successful program in basic and remedial skills:  Explain to employees why and how the training will help them in their jobs.  Relate the training to the employees’ goals.  Respect and consider participant experiences, and use these as a resource.  Use a task-centered or problem-centered approach so that participants “learn by doing.”  Give feedback on progress toward meeting learning objectives.

58. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 58 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 58 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Team Training IssuesTeam Training Issues 1. Team building is a difficult and comprehensive process. 2. Team development is not always a linear sequence of “forming, storming, norming, and performing.” 3. Additional training is required to assimilate new members. 4. Behavioral and process skills need to be acquired through participative exercises.

59. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 59 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 59 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs

60. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 60 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 60 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Cross-TrainingCross-Training  The process of training employees to do multiple jobs within an organization – Gives firms flexible capacity. – Cuts turnover – Increase productivity – Pares down labor costs – Lays the foundation for careers rather than dead-end jobs.

61. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 61 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 61 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Ethics TrainingEthics Training  Requires top management support  Should be a part of new employee orientation  Should be regularly available to all employees Chief Ethics OfficerChief Ethics Officer  A high-ranking manager directly responsible for fostering the ethical climate within the firm

62. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 62 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 62 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Types of Diversity TrainingTypes of Diversity Training  Awareness building – Helps employees appreciate the benefits of diversity  Skill building – Provides employees with the KSAs necessary for working with people who are different from them.

63. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 63 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 63 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs Diversity TrainingDiversity Training  To avoid the pitfalls of substandard diversity training, managers should do the following: – Forge a strategic link. – Check out consultant qualifications. – Don’t settle for “off the shelf” programs. – Choose training methods carefully. – Document individual and organizational benefits.

64. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 64 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 64 of 66 Additional Training and Development Programs

65. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 65 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 65 of 66 Key Terms apprenticeship training behavior modeling behavior modification benchmarking blended learning chief ethics officer chief learning officer competency assessment cooperative training cross-training e-learning instructional objectives internship programs just-in-time training learning management system (LMS) on-the-job training (OJT) organization analysis orientation person analysis spot rewards task analysis transfer of training

66. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 66 of 36 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 66 of 66 Chapter 7 - Learning Outcomes Learning Outcome StatementsRelated Outcomes from Body of the Text 1 Discuss the strategic approach to training and development. What aspects of training plans do you think are strategic, and how are these plans similar or dissimilar to the college and career plans you have created for yourself? 2 Describe the components of a training needs assessment. If you were launching a new business, what factors would you look at to do a training-needs assessment for the organization? 3 Identify the principles of learning and describe how they facilitate training. What has your college experience taught you about how people learn that can be applied to the workplace? 4 Identify the types of training methods used for managers and nonmanagers. What training methods have you personally experienced? Which were most effective in your opinion, and why? 5 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation criteria. Are the outcomes of training always measurable in your opinion? Why or why not? 6 Describe additional training programs often conducted firms. To what extent do firms need to utilize additional training programs? Does it depend upon the type of firm or the types of employees who need training?