1. Section 2 CULTURAL VARIATION

2. WHAT DO WE HAVE IN COMMON? GEORGE MURDOCK: GEORGE MURDOCK: COMPILED A LIST OF 60+ CULTURAL UNIVERSALS COMPILED A LIST OF 60+ CULTURAL UNIVERSALS EX. SPORTS, LANGUAGE, BODILY ADORNMENT, MARRIAGE, COOKING, FAMILY, GAMES, ETC. EX. SPORTS, LANGUAGE, BODILY ADORNMENT, MARRIAGE, COOKING, FAMILY, GAMES, ETC.

3. VARIATION AMONG SOCIETIES MARGARET MEAD: MARGARET MEAD: STUDIED TWO SOCIETIES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA STUDIED TWO SOCIETIES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARAPESH ARAPESH MUNDUGUMOR MUNDUGUMOR CONCLUDED THAT TEMPERAMENT IS MAINLY THE RESULT OF CULTURE RATHER THAN BIOLOGY CONCLUDED THAT TEMPERAMENT IS MAINLY THE RESULT OF CULTURE RATHER THAN BIOLOGY

4. ARAPESH MUNDGUMOR GENTLE, WARM, ETC. GENTLE, WARM, ETC. LOVED, LENT OUT, CONSIDERATE, ETC. LOVED, LENT OUT, CONSIDERATE, ETC. 7-8 PROMISED TO BOY 13-14, BROTHER/SISTER RELATIONSHIP 7-8 PROMISED TO BOY 13-14, BROTHER/SISTER RELATIONSHIP MOUNTAINS, PLANTED GARDENS FOOD SCARCE MOUNTAINS, PLANTED GARDENS FOOD SCARCE AGGRESSIVE, VIOLENT, ETC. AGGRESSIVE, VIOLENT, ETC. HOSTILITY BETWEEN FATHERS/SONS, MOTHERS/DAUGHTERS ROPES… BABIES HUNG IN BASKETS, SLAPPED HOSTILITY BETWEEN FATHERS/SONS, MOTHERS/DAUGHTERS ROPES… BABIES HUNG IN BASKETS, SLAPPED 8-10 WIVES, TRADE DAUGHTERS 8-10 WIVES, TRADE DAUGHTERS RIVER VALLEY, GATHERED FOOD, FOOD PLENTIFUL, LIFE EASY RIVER VALLEY, GATHERED FOOD, FOOD PLENTIFUL, LIFE EASY

5. DEALING WITH VARIATION VARIATION IN CULTURAL PRACTICES HAVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: VARIATION IN CULTURAL PRACTICES HAVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: POSITIVE: MAKE DIFFERENT SOCIETIES INTERESTING TO STUDY POSITIVE: MAKE DIFFERENT SOCIETIES INTERESTING TO STUDY NEGATIVE: DIVERSITY GIVES RISE TO THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOCENTRISM NEGATIVE: DIVERSITY GIVES RISE TO THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOCENTRISM POS.- HELPS BUILD UNITY POS.- HELPS BUILD UNITY NEG.- EXCLUDES NEW INFLUENCES THAT MIGHT BE BENEFICIAL NEG.- EXCLUDES NEW INFLUENCES THAT MIGHT BE BENEFICIAL

6. CULTURAL RELATIVISM CULTURES SHOULD BE JUDGED BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS CULTURES SHOULD BE JUDGED BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS MARVIN HARRIS MARVIN HARRIS STUDIED THE INDIAN PROHIBITION AGAINST KILLING COWS STUDIED THE INDIAN PROHIBITION AGAINST KILLING COWS

7. VARIATIONS WITHIN SOCIETIES: SUBCULTURE: SUBCULTURE: EX. AMISH EX. AMISH COUNTERCULTURE: COUNTERCULTURE: EX. NEO-NAZIS EX. NEO-NAZIS