1. Dynamic Planet (B & C) Earth’s Fresh Waters
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Dynamic Planet (B & C) Earth’s Fresh Waters
Gary Vorwald
NYS Division B & C
2012 Rock & Mineral Supervisor
Paul J. Gelinas JHS
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

2. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Event Description
Participants will use process skills to complete tasks related to Earth’s fresh waters
A team of up to 2
Approximate time: 40 – 50 Minutes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

3. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Event Parameters
Participants may bring one four (4) 8.5 x 11” double-sided pages of notes
Information can be in any form and from any source
Each team may bring two (2) non-graphing calculators
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

4. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
The Competition
Participants will be presented with one or more tasks, many requiring the use of process skills
Scope of event includes Rivers and Streams, Lakes, and Ground Water
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

5. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Topics
Fresh Water Features on USGS topographic maps
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

6. Stream Drainage Systems: Stream Order (new 2012)
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Stream Drainage Systems: Stream Order (new 2012)
Stream order is a measure of the relative size of streams. Stream sizes range from the smallest, first-order, to the largest, the twelfth-order (the Amazon River).
Over 80% of the total length of Earth's rivers and streams are headwater streams (first- and second-order).
As water travels from headwater streams toward the mouth of mighty rivers, streams gradually increase their width and depth. Discharge also increases.
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

7. Stream Drainage Patterns
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Stream Drainage Patterns
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

8. Parts of a River (Main channel, tributaries)
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Parts of a River (Main channel, tributaries)
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

9. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Watersheds
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

10. Channel Types: braided, meandering, straight
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Channel Types: braided, meandering, straight
Straight Channel
Braided River
Meandering Channel
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

11. Calculations of Sinuosity (new 2012)
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Calculations of Sinuosity (new 2012)
Calculating Sinuosity
Sinuosity (P) is calculated as the ratio of the channel length (lc) to the distance of the valley (lv): P = lc / lv 
To measure channel length, use a piece of string to measure the length of the channel, being sure to include all bends of the channel. Then use the string to measure the length of the valley, using the contour lines on the map to make sure you stay within the valley.
Calculate sinuosity by dividing channel length by valley length measured on the map.
Stream Characteristics Lab
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

12. Sediment: Transportation
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Sediment: Transportation
Stream Load
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

13. Sediment: forms and sizes
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Sediment: forms and sizes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

14. Sediment: Deposition & Erosion
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Sediment: Deposition & Erosion
Factors: size, shape, density
Stream velocity decreases
Inside Meander
Delta’s and Alluvial Fans
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

15. Particle Diameter & Stream Velocity
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Particle Diameter & Stream Velocity
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

16. Factors that Affect Rate of Deposition
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Factors that Affect Rate of Deposition
Water Velocity – as velocity increases, settling rate decreases
Size – as size increases, settling rate increases
Shape – as particle becomes more spherical, rate increases
Density – as density increases, rate increases
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

17. Horizontal & Vertical Sorting
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Horizontal & Vertical Sorting
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

18. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Floodplain Features
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

19. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

20. River Valley Forms & Processes
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
River Valley Forms & Processes
Geology
Gradient
Base Level
Dynamic Equilibrium
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

21. Waterfalls & Nick points
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Waterfalls & Nick points
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

22. Stream Capture (Piracy)
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Stream Capture (Piracy)
The stream on the right has a steeper gradient than the stream on the left. At the red arrow, headward erosion is wearing into the divide separating the left stream system from the right stream system.
Eventually, this stream may cut through the divide and "capture" the headwaters, diverting them into the stream system on the right. STREAM PIRACY has occurred.
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

23. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Delta’s & Fans
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

24. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Alluvial Fans
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

25. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Mississippi Delta
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

26. Stream Flow & Discharge
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Stream Flow & Discharge
Stream Gauge
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

27. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Perennial vs Intermittent Stream Flow
Stream Flow Calculations
Recurrence Intervals – probability of event occurring, such as 100 year flood
Chezy Equation (for flow velocity) and Manning co-efficient (Div C)
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

28. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Groundwater
Aquifers
Water Table & Groundwater Zones
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

29. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Interactions between surface and groundwater
Confining beds
Hydraulic Gradient
Recharge/Discharge
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

30. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Water Table Contours and flow lines
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

31. Porosity & Permeability
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Porosity & Permeability
Porosity – percent pore space in an aquifer
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

32. Permeability – ability of a material (aquifer) to transmit fluids
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Permeability – ability of a material (aquifer) to transmit fluids
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

33. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Aquifers
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

34. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Capillarity
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

35. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Karst features
Sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, springs, solution valleys
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

36. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Lake Formation & Types
Volcanic Lake (Crater Lake)
Rift Valley Lakes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

37. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Types of Lakes (cont)
Glacial Lakes: finger lakes, Great Lakes, cirque lakes (tarn); kettle lakes; moraine dammed lakes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

38. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Great Lakes
Kettle Lake
Tarn
Finger Lakes: Moraine dammed lakes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

39. Earthquake Lake – landslide from earthquake dammed river
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Earthquake Lake – landslide from earthquake dammed river
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

40. Lake Features: Inflow & Outflow
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Lake Features: Inflow & Outflow
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

41. Lake Features: Stratification
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Lake Features: Stratification
Lake stratification is the separation of lakes into three layers:
Epilimnion - top of the lake.
Metalimnion (or thermocline) - middle layer that may change depth throughout the day.
Hypolimnion - the bottom layer.
The thermal stratification of lakes refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in the lake, and is due to the change in water's density with temperature.
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

42. Physical & Chemical Properties of Lakes
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Physical & Chemical Properties of Lakes
Physical Variations
Light Levels
Temperature
Currents
Water Clarity (Turbidity)
Chemical Variations
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorous pH
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

43. Lake Features: Waves & Shorelines
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Lake Features: Waves & Shorelines
Lake Michigan Waves
Lake Shoreline
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

44. Wetlands: bogs & marshes
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Wetlands: bogs & marshes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

45. Destruction/Effects of Land Use
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Destruction/Effects of Land Use
Dams
Levees
Effects: sedimentation, down-cutting, diversion of water, flooding, ecological changes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

46. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Hydrologic Cycle
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

47. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Water Budgets
Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporation
Storage
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

48. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Water Budget Graphs
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

49. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Pollution
Types, sources, transport
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

50. Coaching Tips: Selecting Participants
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Coaching Tips: Selecting Participants
Choose team members from different grade levels to avoid having to train a completely new team the following year.
Team members can divide up the concepts and become experts on them.
Both should collaborate on developing a notebook and notes sheets
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

51. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Resources
Science Olympiad Store
Biology/Earth Science CD
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

52. Recommended Resource for Division C (Companion Website)
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
Recommended Resource for Division C (Companion Website)
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

53. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Web Resources
Science Olympiad Student Center – practice exams & wiki
New York State Website – Event Resources
National Science Olympiad – links to websites:
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

54. Dynamic Planet 2012 - Earth's Fresh Waters
Web Resources
USGS Water Science For Schools
Lake Water Quality Indicators
Wetlands, Bogs, Marshes
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

55. EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Stream drainage systems:
Hydrologic Cycle:
Lotic ecosystems:
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

56. EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Basics of Stream Ecology:
Earth's Water – Groundwater topics:
Lake Formation:
Manning’s Equation
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

57. EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Helpful Websites by Topic
Lake formation
Water budget
Drainage patterns
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS

58. EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Websites
Dynamic Planet Earth's Fresh Waters
EARTH’S FRESH WATERS: Websites
Meandering rivers: lots of diagrams and activities (Outstanding/PDF)
Stream Order:
Sinuosity: Stream Characteristics Lab – students use Google Earth to determine stream sinuosity and compare to gradient.
Stream Processes:
Gary Vorwald, P. J. Gelinas JHS