1. Energy and the Fossil-Fuel Age

2. V. Smil, “Energy in World History” “Fundamentally, no civilization on Earth can be anything but a solar society…” p. 157 “Whereas preindustrial societies tapped virtually … inexhaustible (solar) energy flows, modern civilization depends on extracting …finite fossil energy that could not be replenished even in 100 million years.” p. 157 “Unlike its predecessors, fossil-fueled civilization cannot last thousands of years.” p.158

4. Six Stages of the Energy Crisis Between 1955 and 1971, demand in the U.S. was outstripping supply 1972 rise in oil prices – OPEC 1973-74 – Embargo and panic 1975-78 -- President Ford – focus almost entirely on supply – no long term policy 1979 – Iran and a Second Oil Crisis 1980-84 – Regan Era – OPEC overproduction and new sources

7. Nye – pp.222-3: “The oil shock of 1973-74 was a symptom, not a cause. The shortages revealed the energy dependence and the vulnerability that the United States had been building up for decades. The high-energy middle-class standard of living was not a victim of the energy crisis; it was the source of the crisis. Compared with equally affluent Europeans, Americans used roughly twice as much energy per capita. Half the difference was directly attributable to their transportation systems, and much of the rest was due to their preference for widely spaced detached houses.

16. We will mine more, drill more, cut more timber." --Secretary of the Interior James Watt

18. World energy use Coal Nuclear Oil (34.9%) Gas Hydro Biomass Geothermal, wind, solar, etc. RE (13.4%) Total ~400 Quadrillion Btu World: ~84 million barrels/day; US: ~21 million barrels/day

19. U.S. Energy Consumption Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2006

20. U.S. Energy Production Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2006

21. Electricity Generation Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2006

22. Fertilizer Production Efficiency

23. Energy and Crop Yield

24. Frank Moore – Black Pillow (1996) Turning Petroleum into Food or Fuel

26. Cereal Shortfall

28. M. King Hubbert October 5th, 1903 -- October 11th, 1989 "Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use what we know."M. King Hubbert