2. Mammals Vertebrate Zoology

3. What does the typical mammal look like? Small Brown Nocturnal ~4450 species

5. Characteristics Hair Endothermic 4 chambered heart Diaphragm (muscle to aid breathing) Most nourished by a placenta Mammary glands produce milk Gestation - length of time within the uterus Weaning - time at which young stop drinking milk

6. Characteristics Skin with sweat glands, oil glands, scent glands, & mammary glands 3 middle ear ossicles (Bones); malleus, incus, & stapes derived from the jaw Mouth with diphyodont teeth (deciduous replaced with permanent) Lower jaw fused into one bone Moveable eyelids Fleshy pinnae Non-nucleated, biconcave red blood corpuscles (RBC’S)

7. Hair Made of the protein keratin Keratin also makes up: Nails Claws Hooves Horns Antlers Tusks Hair Follicle Skin Mites

8. How Deer Antlers Grow

9. Horns, Antlers, & Tusks Horns –Found on antelope, giraffe, & rhino Do not branch Permanent structures Antlers – Found on deer Branch Fall off Covered in velvet which sloughs off Tusks -Found in ungulates w/o horns

13. Why did the Irish Elk go extinct?

14. Skin with glands

17. Hyena scent gland

18. Panda scent gland

19. Dik Dik Scent Gland

20. Llama Scent Glands

21. Lemur Scent Glands on Arms

22. Scent glands and spraying

26. Spraying patterns of two mice

27. Mammary glands modified apocrine sweat glands key mammalian feature complex system of ducts surface opening: nipple or teat

29. Table: Relationship between No. of teats and species-specific litter size Group No. of teatsNo. of young per litter primitive opossums19-2512 kangaroos41 Tenrec10-1212 (max. 32) Mastomys (African rat)12-208-19 wolves (dogs)4-6 pigs10-146-12 many artiodactyls41 pangolins21 bats2 (4)1 (4) whales, horses, manatees21 elephants21 primates21

30. The Approximate Constituents of the Milk of Various Mammals in ml/mg per liter AnimalWaterFatsProteinsSugarsAshK2OK2ONaO 2 CaOMgP2O5P2O5 Human870401570?1.200.651.040.121.40 Horse9002220603.61.050.141.240.131.31 Cow88034334471.40.81.650.211.45 Goat86248 468.51.30.620.162.91 Pig8405037506.30.990.742.40.143 Dog7709397319.11.410.814.530.24.93 Reindeer67717110928152.112.335.080.394.38 Harp Seal437.9428.2119.8?9.141.611.160.940.33.35 Blue Whale471.7381.3127.9?14.3??4.26?6.23

33. 4 Chambered Heart Mouse 500 beats/ min Human 70 beats/min Elephant 28 beats/min

34. Heart Rates in Various Mammals SpeciesResting bpmActive bpm Great Whale7 Elephant28 Lion40 Human70120 Rabbit200 Mouse500-600 Shrew8001320

35. Diaphragm Muscle used to change air pressure inside the body in order to move air Less pressure = air moves in More pressure = air moves out

38. 3 Middle Ear Ossicles

41. Otic hair cells

42. Single fused mandible

43. Mandible Comparison

45. Beaver

46. Squirrel

47. Prairie Dog

48. Rabbit

49. Lion

50. Sea Lion

51. Wolverine

52. Skunk

53. Shrew

54. Smilodon

55. Black Bear

56. Killer Whale

57. Elephant

58. Rhino

59. Hippopotamus

60. White-tailed Deer

61. Cow

62. Pig

63. Horse

64. Giraffe

65. Gorilla

66. Orangutan

69. Ungulates – Hooved Mammals Perissodactyla - horses, rhinos, tapirs - "odd toed" Artiodactyla - pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats - "even toed"

70. Perissodactyla pe·ris·so·dac·tyla (pai'ris-oh dak ti'lah): from Greek perissos, strange, of numbers odd; daktulos, a finger or toe

72. Artiodactyla ar·ti·o·dac·ty·la (är'tee-oh dak ti'la): from Greek artios, complete, of numbers even; daktulos, a finger or toe

74. 3 Subclasses within the class Mammalia: Prototheria or Monotremes (3 species) Metatheria or Marsupials (275 species) Eutheria or placental mammals (3982 species)

75. Monotremes Most primitive mammals Only 3 species: duck-billed platypus and two spiny anteaters, or echidnas Oviparous; eggs with a leathery shell; mothers nourish their young with milk after young hatch Lack nipples Live only in Australia & New Guinea The name monotreme means one-holed (i.e.cloaca)

76. Echidna & Duck-billed Platypus

78. Marsupials Viviparous Immature young are incubated in the pouch Tasmanian wolf

79. Flying Squirrel

80. Tasmanian Devil

81. Marsupial Mouse

82. Koala (Aboriginal for no drink …They sleep for 19 hrs/day)

83. Wombat

84. Kangaroo

85. Wallaby

86. Marsupial Pouch

88. Opossum

89. The only time you see an opossum…

90. Mammalian Orders Monotremata – Echidnas & platypus Marsupiala – Opossum, kangaroo, koala Insectivora – Shrew, mole, hedgehog Chiroptera - Bats Primates – Apes, lemur, monkey, human Rodentia – Beaver, squirrel, mice, mole, gerbil Lagomorpha- rabbit Carnivora - Bear, dog, cat, skunk, weasel Pinnipedia –Seal, walrus, sea lion Cetacea – Whale, dolphin, porpoise

91. Mammalian Orders Sirenia - Manatee Proboscidea - Elephant Perissodactyla – Rhino, horse Artiodactyla – Deer, Giraffe, Hippopotamus,

92. Whale Evolution

96. Pakicetus & Coyote Skulls

97. Pakicetus…The First Whale 53.5 mya

98. Ambulocetus

100. Remingtonocetus

102. Protocetus

103. Dorudon

104. Doruson vs Odontecetus

105. Dorudon

107. Basilosaurus

110. Ring-tailed Lemur (Primate)

111. Primate Characteristics General primate anatomical features Hands: prehensile with opposable thumbs tactile pads and nails on fingers and toes adapted for precision grip facilitating feeding and locomotion in the trees mobile arms: posture frees arms and hands for grasping Eyes: binocular vision color vision development of visual organs is achieved at the expense of olfactory organs Face: large eyes and brain and reduced snout area Large brains: especially in cerebral cortex

112. Behavioral Characteristics Long infant dependency periods Reduced litter size—usually just one (allowing mobility with clinging young and more individual attention to young) Complicated social organization Excellent manual dexterity Well developed sense of sight Good hand-eye co-ordination

113. Figure 1: Selected amino acid positions in the Hemoglobin of some vertebrates. Human Being SERTHRALAGLYASPGLUVALGLUASPTHRPROGLY ALAALA ASNASN ALAALA THRTHR ARGARG HIS Chimpanzee SERTHRALAGLYASPGLUVALGLUASPTHRPROGLY ALAALA ASNASN ALAALA THRTHR ARGARG HIS Primate Gorilla SERTHRALAGLYASPGLUVALGLUASPTHRPROGLY ALAALA ASNASN ALAALA THRTHR LY S HIS Baboon ASNTHR GLYASPGLUVALASP SERPROGLY ASNASN ASNASN ALAALA GL N LY S HIS Lemur ALATHRSERGLYGLULYSVALGLUASPSERPROGLYSERH IS ASNASN ALAALA GL N LY S LEU Dog SER GLY ASPGLUILUASP THRPROSERASNLY S ASNASN ALAALA ALAALA NonPrimate Chicken GLNTHRGLY ALAGLUILUALAASNSERPROTHR LY S ASNASN SERSER GL N ARGARG ALA Frog ASPSERGLY LYSHISVALTHRASNSERALAHISALALY S ASNASN ALAALA ARGARG ARG

114. RAT DISSECTION Scientific Name: Rattus norvegicus Common Name: Rat

115. Rat Dissection

117. External Anatomy Wash your rat Examine rat and take notice of the following: ears, whiskers, eyes, nostrils, anus, and nipples (only female)

118. External Anatomy Wash your rat Examine rat and take notice of the following: ears, whiskers, eyes, nostrils, anus, and nipples (only female)

119. Internal Anatomy Make sure that the rat is pinned down down on its back before you begin cutting ‘Skin’ the rat by separating the skin and muscle layers across the midsection

120. Internal Anatomy Cut through the muscle, careful not to cut too deep, and expose the inner organs. You should be able to find the liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, spleen and pancreas

121. Abdominal Cavity

126. Thoracic Cavity

130. A = left ovary (embedded in fat) B = upper oviduct (where fertilization takes place) C = uterus (richly supplied with blood vessels) D = vagina E = fat (fat deposited around internal organs) F = liver (dark red; in several lobes) G = caecum (the first part of the large intestine; H = colon