1. The Civil War Home Front Hardships p. 354 - 358

2. War changes the economy  The war brought economic change.  Farmers were encouraged to plant more corn and wheat for the war effort.  Texas opened small factories in Austin and Tyler to manufacture cannons and ammunition.  Other factories made much needed items such as wagons, ambulances, blankets, shoes, tents, cloth, and saddles.

3. Shortages Make Life Difficult  The Union blockade of Confederate ports stopped many goods from reaching the South.  Clothes, manufactured in the North, disappeared from the stores.  Getting coffee and tea was nearly impossible.  Texans used substitutes for tea; one recipe was made of peanuts, okra, barley, corn and sweet potatoes.  Salt, baking soda, and paper were also scarce.

4. Shortages Make Life Difficult  Civilians often had to do without medicines and hospital supplies because they were needed on the battlefield.  Quinine, an imported drug for fighting malaria and other fevers, could not be obtained.  The shortages of all items became worse as large numbers of refugees fleeing the Union armies came to Texas.

5. The Civil War Ends  For four years the armies of the South fought against great odds.  The North had more soldiers, more money and more factories making war materials.  On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.  Within weeks Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured, and the remaining armies in the South surrendered.

6. The Civil War Ends  The last battle of the Civil War took place on May 13, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.  Confederate forces led by John S. Ford defeated a Union force trying to invade the mainland from Brazos Island.  The Texas troops had not yet received word of the war’s end.  The end of the war marked a turning point for Americans. They faced the task of rebuilding the nation.

7. The Civil War Ends  More than 600,000 Northerners and Southerners died.  This number almost equals the number killed in all other American wars combined.  The North’s victory meant the Union had been preserved.  It also brought the end of slavery.  During the war President Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing enslaved people in the Confederate States.

8. The Civil War Ends  Lincoln did not live to see all the slaves freed.  The Thirteenth Amendment – which abolished slavery – was not ratified until late 1865, after President Lincolns assassination.  He was shot and killed 5 days after Lee’s surrendered by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who believed he was helping the Confederate cause.  As Southern armies surrendered, the state government collapsed.

9. The Civil War Ends  For some weeks Texas had no state government.  Lawless armed bands roamed the countryside.  Order was restored only after President Andrew Johnson appointed Andrew Jackson Hamilton provisional governor in June 1865.  Now Texans faced the task of rejoining the Union.