1. Creating a British Empire in America 1720- 1765 APUSH – Mr. Buttell Key Concept 2.3

3. TRIANGULAR TRADE AND THE “MIDDLE PASSAGE”

4. The “Middle Passage”

6. As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.  Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.  Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants. Colonial Slavery

7. Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”  Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.  In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.  Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom. Colonial Slavery

8. THE “BUSINESS” OF SLAVERY

9. Conquest by the cradle In 1700 the colonies had 20 English to 1 American.In 1700 the colonies had 20 English to 1 American. By 1775 this had shrunk to 3 to 1By 1775 this had shrunk to 3 to 1 Average age in 1775 was 16Average age in 1775 was 16 90% of people lived in rural areas, and 4 major urban areas were Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, and Charleston90% of people lived in rural areas, and 4 major urban areas were Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, and Charleston Why does a population boom have political implications?

10. Beginnings of a Melting pot Germans fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression head to PAGermans fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression head to PA The Scot-Irish people also settled in PA, make up 7% of pop. Great frontiersmen who brought distillery skills with them.The Scot-Irish people also settled in PA, make up 7% of pop. Great frontiersmen who brought distillery skills with them. Neither group is loyal to the British crown, by mid 18 th century, the Scot-Irish are scattered along the “great wagon road”Neither group is loyal to the British crown, by mid 18 th century, the Scot-Irish are scattered along the “great wagon road”

11. “The Melting Pot” The 13 Colonies represented the biggest diversity in the world.The 13 Colonies represented the biggest diversity in the world. The largest non-English group was AfricansThe largest non-English group was Africans Middle Colonies held the most diversity, especially PA, NE colonies the leastMiddle Colonies held the most diversity, especially PA, NE colonies the least 18 of the 56 signers of the DOI were non- English, 8 not born in the colonies18 of the 56 signers of the DOI were non- English, 8 not born in the colonies

12. The Professionals Clergy, though less influential, still considered the most prestigious titleClergy, though less influential, still considered the most prestigious title Physicians were poorly trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 peoplePhysicians were poorly trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 people 1765, first medical school (Univ. of Penn) established, yet disease still persisted1765, first medical school (Univ. of Penn) established, yet disease still persisted Lawyers are deemed unnecessary at first, yet eventually find a place with a booming populationLawyers are deemed unnecessary at first, yet eventually find a place with a booming population

13. Workday America Farming wheat becomes hot new cropFarming wheat becomes hot new crop Middle Colonies are the bread basketMiddle Colonies are the bread basket Cod becomes main export to Catholic EuropeCod becomes main export to Catholic Europe Triangular Trade, particularly with Middle and NE Colonies, provides wealth and slavesTriangular Trade, particularly with Middle and NE Colonies, provides wealth and slaves Manufacturing still second behind farmingManufacturing still second behind farming 1770, 1/3 of British merchant marine was American built1770, 1/3 of British merchant marine was American built

14. The Molasses Act, 1733 Colonists need more outlets Colonists need more outlets Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation Acts) Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation Acts) Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence per gallon) Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence per gallon) Colonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribe Colonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribe Salutary Neglect????

15. Transportation Horse power Scarce money and resources = terrible road systemScarce money and resources = terrible road system Roads do not connect major cities until the 1700sRoads do not connect major cities until the 1700s Traveling the short distance from Boston to Philly could take a weekTraveling the short distance from Boston to Philly could take a week Sail power Populations clustered along riversPopulations clustered along rivers Taverns also arose along rivers and in cities. Play a vital role in social life.Taverns also arose along rivers and in cities. Play a vital role in social life. Sam Adams used his breweries for political appeal and early ways of passing on informationSam Adams used his breweries for political appeal and early ways of passing on information

16. Dominant Denominations Anglicans and Congregationalists = only tax supported churches in 1775Anglicans and Congregationalists = only tax supported churches in 1775 Anglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, VA, MD and a part of NYAnglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, VA, MD and a part of NY Anglican clergy reputation was so poor that William and Mary College was foundedAnglican clergy reputation was so poor that William and Mary College was founded How will religion play a role in the upcoming rebellion?How will religion play a role in the upcoming rebellion? Sedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Neo- Trinity = Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and rebellionSedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Neo- Trinity = Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and rebellion

17. Great Awakening Started in the 1730-40s over the coloniesStarted in the 1730-40s over the colonies J. Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”J. Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” “Salvation only through dependence on God’s grace.”“Salvation only through dependence on God’s grace.” G. Whitefield brings evangelicalism by touring the country with emotional sermonsG. Whitefield brings evangelicalism by touring the country with emotional sermons

18. Great Awakening “Old Lights” Orthodox clergy Deeply skeptical of the revivalists Divided the Congregationalists from the Presbyterians Tended to be more of the merchant and middle class “New Lights” Baptists and Presbyterians make room for this approach to preachingBaptists and Presbyterians make room for this approach to preaching Defend the role of revitalizing religion in the coloniesDefend the role of revitalizing religion in the colonies Establish new places of higher learning to train = Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, and DartmouthEstablish new places of higher learning to train = Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, and Dartmouth

19. Lasting Effects of the Awakening Greatly increased the number and competitiveness of churchesGreatly increased the number and competitiveness of churches 1 st spontaneous mass movement of the American people1 st spontaneous mass movement of the American people Broke down sectional boundaries as well as denominational linesBroke down sectional boundaries as well as denominational lines

20. Pioneer Presses Ben Franklin establishes the first privately funded library in PhillyBen Franklin establishes the first privately funded library in Philly By 1776, 50 public librariesBy 1776, 50 public libraries 40 colonial newspapers = airing problems with the crown and opposition to British control40 colonial newspapers = airing problems with the crown and opposition to British control John Zenger assailed the corrupt royal Gov. of NY, charged with libel, found not guilty since statements were trueJohn Zenger assailed the corrupt royal Gov. of NY, charged with libel, found not guilty since statements were true This case serves as turning point to eventual Freedom of PressThis case serves as turning point to eventual Freedom of Press

21. Game of politics 1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3 Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) and 2 charter (self-governing, RI and CT)1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3 Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) and 2 charter (self-governing, RI and CT) Most states have 2 chamber legislatureMost states have 2 chamber legislature Self-taxation through representation was American privilege that was cherishedSelf-taxation through representation was American privilege that was cherished Colonial assemblies paid for governors salaries which led to tensions (power of the purse)Colonial assemblies paid for governors salaries which led to tensions (power of the purse) 1775, not yet a true democracy but far more advanced compared to England and Europe in press, assembly, speech and rep govt.1775, not yet a true democracy but far more advanced compared to England and Europe in press, assembly, speech and rep govt.