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The INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring program: An Unshrouded View of our Lively Galactic Bulge Erik Kuulkers ESAC/ESA, Spain) Photo: Brad Templeton.

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Presentation on theme: "The INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring program: An Unshrouded View of our Lively Galactic Bulge Erik Kuulkers ESAC/ESA, Spain) Photo: Brad Templeton."— Presentation transcript:

1 The INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring program: An Unshrouded View of our Lively Galactic Bulge Erik Kuulkers (ISOC @ ESAC/ESA, Spain) Photo: Brad Templeton

2 Erik Kuulkers (ISOC @ ESAC/ESA, Spain) Photo: Brad Templeton With the following players: Volker Beckmann, Søren Brandt, Jérôme Chenevez, Thierry Courvoisier, Albert Domingo, Ken Ebisawa, Peter Jonker, Peter Kretschmar, Craig Markwardt, Tim Oosterbroek, Ada Paizis, Daniel Rísquez, Celia Sanchez-Fernandez, Simon Shaw & Rudy Wijnands

3 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 3 of ? Talk layout INTEGRAL Galactic Bulge Monitoring Program (with focus on hard X-rays) Some Results Public availability

4 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 4 of ? Integral (International Gamma-Ray Laboratory) See A&A Letters special issue 411 (2003) IBIS – The gamma-ray Imager: 15 keV-10 MeV (ISGRI/PICsIT) 12’ FWHM imaging <30” source location OMC – Optical Monitor Camera: 500-600 nm Jem-X - The Joint Euro- pean X-ray Monitor: 3-35 keV; 3’ SPI – The gamma-ray Spectrometer: 20 keV – 8 MeV E/DE ~ 500 1.3° source location IBIS, SPI, Jem-X: coded mask

5 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 5 of ? IBIS/ISGRI Sensitivity ~1 mCrab (20-60 keV) Hard X-ray sky Lebrun et al. 2004 Nature 428, 293 20° Galactic longitude Galactic latitude See A&A Letters special issue 411 (2003) Hard X-ray sky: point sources Cover 1/2 L/HMXB population

6 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 6 of ? The high-E bulge ZOO Low-mass X-ray binaries: - persistent with ns (e.g., GX 5-1, GX 3+1) - X-ray bursters (e.g., GS 1826-24, GX 354-0) - X-ray pulsars (GX 1+4, 2S 1822-371) - transient with ns (e.g., MXB 1730-335) - persistent with bh (e.g., 1E 1740.7-2942) - transient with bh (e.g., GRO J1655-40) High-mass X-ray binaries: - X-ray pulsars (e.g., OAO 1657-415) - highly absorbed IGRs (e.g., IGR J17252-3616) - e.g., 4U 1700-377 SGRs (e.g., SGR 1806-20) Cataclysmic variables (e.g., V2400 Oph) AGN (e.g., PKS 1830-211) About 1/2 the population of L/HMXBs in the Galactic bulge!

7 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 7 of ? Monitoring Program IGR J16320-4751 Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV Since February 2005: Every INTEGRAL orbit (~3 days) 7 exposures of 1800 sec; hexagonal dither pattern (source: 1 on-axis, 6 off-axis, 2º apart) Data available for analysis after ~2 hrs Results publicly available within a day: http://isdc.unige.ch/Science/BULGE/ 2 visibility windows per year (2 months each) Objective: source variability & transient activity on time scales of hrs-days-weeks-months-yrs at soft and hard X-ray energies All sources in one go! Any news  Atel

8 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 8 of ? Monitoring Program - 2 IGR J16320-4751 Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV Results are made publicly available as follows on http://isdc.unige.ch/Science/BULGE: - Jem-X: 3-10 & 10-25 keV light curves + images - IBIS/ISGRI: 18-40 keV & 40-100 keV light curves + images - Permanent monitoring of ~80 known sources IBIS/ISGRI & Jem-X sensitivities: typically 5-20 mCrab per hexagonal dither; depends on: - source position (in fully or partially coded FOV) - background (systematics, solar activity) - nr of exposures (some are lost) - energy (instrument response) Started in Feb 2005; results on 1st 3 seasons: Kuulkers et al. 2007, A&A

9 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 9 of ? INTEGRAL vs. some others IGR J16320-4751 Integral/IBIS Similar dedicated campaings: GRANAT/SIGMA (35-100 keV) - 1990-1998 - e.g. Churazov et al. 1994 BeppoSAX/WFC (3-35 keV) - 1996-2000 - e.g. in ‘t Zand 2001 RXTE/PCA (2-10 keV) - 1996-? - e.g. Swank & Markwardt 2001 (still on-going) Similar long-term (hard) X-ray light curves: MIT/OSO-7 (15-40 keV) - 1971-1973 - e.g. Markert et al. 1979 CGRO/BATSE (20-100 keV) - 1991-2000 - e.g. Harmon et al. 2004 Swift/BAT (15-50 keV) - 2005-? - e.g. Krimm et al. 2006 (still ongoing) - see http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/results/transients/

10 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 10 of ? INTEGRAL vs. some others - 2 IGR J16320-4751 Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV XMM-Newton EPIC/MOS Sakano et al. INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI 4.7 Ms Bélanger et al. RXTE/PCA & HEXTE C. Markwardt RXTE: Bulge scans every week (PI: Markwardt) XMM-Newton & Chandra: GC exposures few months (PI: Wijnands) INTEGRAL: Bulge exposures every ~3 days (PI: Kuulkers)

11 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 11 of ? INTEGRAL vs. some others - 3 IGR J16320-4751 Integral/IBIS IBIS/ISGRI: 15 keV - 1 MeV, PSF 12’, FCFOV 8.3°x8°, PCFOV 29°x29° (zero response) `Comparable’ instruments currently in operation: Swift/BAT: 15-150 keV, PSF 22’, FOV 2.0 sr (partially coded) But no dedicated GB monitoring + bad resolution in GC RXTE/HEXTE: 15-250 keV, 2° collimator: Only GB scans + no imaging

12 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 12 of ? Twinkle, twinkle, little star X/  -ray sources are variable on time scales of millisecond to days (quasi-periodic oscillations, pulsations, [absorption] dips, eclipses, type I and type II X-ray bursts, orbital variations, flares) and weeks to years (orbital variations, outburst cycles, on/off states)  the region never looks exactly the same. Today: focus on the short (hour), medium (month) and long-term (year) variability in hard X-rays (18-40 keV and 40-100 keV). When available, also discuss soft X-rays (2-10 keV)

13 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 13 of ? Some results Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV Simultaneous monitoring of various compact binaires, i.e., low- mass and high- mass X-ray binaries containing either a neutron star or black hole at low energies... 20-60 keV Simultaneous monitoring of various compact binaires, i.e., low- mass and high- mass X-ray binaries containing either a neutron star or black hole at low energies... and high energies: 60-150 keV 3 seasons

14 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 14 of ? IBIS 20-60 keV GC movie Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV ~3  First 3 seasons

15 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 15 of ? IBIS/ISGRI light curves - BHC 18-40 keV40-100 keV7 seasons

16 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 16 of ? IBIS/ISGRI light curves - XRB & IGR 18-40 keV7 seasons

17 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 17 of ? Hard X-ray vs. soft X-ray light curves IBIS/ISGRI: 18-40 keV RXTE/PCA: 2-10 keV 3 seasons Anti- correlation

18 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 18 of ? XTE J1739-285 (new XRB) Jem-X detector light curves; no vignetting correction 60 sec 120 c/s àType I Brandt et al. 2005 Aug-October 2005 Total # = 25 (GB + ISWT) -> RXTE/PCA: Kaaret et al. 2007; 6 bursts, Oct 31-Nov 11, 2005 1122±0.3 Hz (@99.96%)

19 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 19 of ? Spring 2008: on-off-on-off-on... SLX 1746-331: end of outburst (JEM-X) H1743-322: end of outburst (IBIS/ISGRI) GRO J1750-27 (AX J1749.1-2639): transient HMXB/X-ray pulsar turn on of MXB 1730-335 (The Rapid Burster); XRB SAX J1750.8-2900: an old transient; XRB XTE J1810-189: a new transient; XRB INTEGRAL, RXTE, Swift, SuperAGILE,...

20 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 20 of ? GRO J1750-27 (AX J1749.1-2639) Be/X-ray transient, discovered by CGRO (Scott et al. 1997): Porb = 29.817 days; Pspin = 4.454... sec, Pdot = 38 pHz New outburst started in Jan 29 Our 1st observation on Feb 11 only 18’ from GX 3+1 Jem-X 3-10 keVIBIS/ISGRI 18-40 keV

21 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 21 of ? GRO J1750-27 (AX J1749.1-2639) - 2 Jem-X & IBIS/ISGRI 3-30 keV We find: P orb = 29.804 ± 0.001 days; P spin = 4.453... sec, spin-up with  dot = 38 ± 3 pHz

22 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 22 of ? Executive Summary (Kuulkers et al. 2007) Per visibility season we detect ~30 sources at 20-60 keV; 1/3 of these also at 60-150 keV (transient/persistent black-hole candidate sources, X-ray bursters, high-mass X-ray binaries; see also Bazzano et al. 2006) On average per visibility season : - 1 active bright (>~100 mCrab, 20-60 keV) black-hole candidate X-ray transient - 3 active weaker (<~25 mCrab, 20-60 keV) neutron star X-ray transients - 1 fast X-ray transient (up to ~100 mCrab, 20-60 keV) Most of the time: clear anti-correlation can be seen between the soft and hard X-ray emission in some of the X-ray bursters: - hard X-ray flares or outbursts (~weeks) accompanied by soft X-ray drops - hard X-ray drops can be accompanied by soft X-ray flares/outbursts

23 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 23 of ? To-do list Light curves/variability (down to min/sec); e.g. type I X-ray bursts, intermediate long X-ray bursts, superbursts Pulse timing (low/high-mass X-ray binaries) --> Ana Gonzalez at ESAC Jem-X 4-40 keV IBIS/ISGRI 15-30 keV IBIS/ISGRI 30-50 keV 3 seasons: ~110 type I X-ray bursts seen with Jem-X

24 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 24 of ? To-do list - 2 Spectra, for all sources, each Hex observation + simple modeling  Laura Barragan (graduate student now at Bamberg univ.) Also Cadolle Bel et al. 2008, in preparation: XTE J1817-330 & XTE J1818-245 Rev 407;  ~2.4 11 feb 2006 Rev 406;  ~1.5 9 feb 2006 XTE J1817-330

25 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 25 of ? Watch this space See http://isdc.unige.ch/Sci ence/BULGE or e-mail us at: isdc-gb-group@obs. unige.ch See http://isdc.unige.ch/Sci ence/BULGE or e-mail us at: isdc-gb-group@obs. unige.ch Galactic bulge monitoring program to be reproposed for AO-6

26 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 26 of ?

27 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 27 of ? The GC region playing hide and seek 3 seasons 727 ksec April 2006 69 ksec Same scale; no magic...

28 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 28 of ? SAX J1810.8-2609 (“old” XRB) Renewed activity from 5 Aug 2007 (GCN 6706, 6707, Atel 1175): X-ray burst triggered Swift/BAT INTEGRAL 1st monitoring observation on 19 Aug 2007 100 sec 19 Aug 2007 IBIS/ISGRI 20-60 keV Atel 1227 Atel 1185 1.3 Crab

29 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 29 of ? Jem-X 3-10 keV movie Jem-X 3-10 keV; FOV 4.8° (per exposure)

30 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 30 of ? The past: GRANAT/Sigma

31 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 31 of ? IBIS 20-60 keV movie Integral/IBIS 20-40 keV ~32  First 3 seasons  Galactic longitude  Galactic latitude

32 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 32 of ? 5 seasons Integral/IBIS

33 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 33 of ? More IBIS/ISGRI light curves...

34 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 34 of ? 3 Seasons Integral/IBIS

35 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 35 of ? Zoom in on the GC IBIS/ISGRI 20-60 keV IBIS/ISGRI 60-150 keV

36 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 36 of ? IBIS 60-150 keV movie

37 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 37 of ? Jem-X 10-35 keV movie Jem-X 10-25 keV; FOV 4.8° (per exposure)

38 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 38 of ? IBIS/ISGRI + PCA/Jem-X light curves

39 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 39 of ? 1E 1740.7-2942 went off... RXTE/PCA 2-10 keV IBIS/ISGRI 20-60 keV

40 Cool disks, hot flows: the varying faces of accreting compact objects March 25-30, 2008, Funäsdalen, Sweden Page 40 of ? XTE J1817-330 (new BHC)  Type I

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