1. An Introduction To SQL - Part 1 (Special thanks to Geoff Leese)

2.  Select Statements  The Where Clause  Manipulating data using the EMP and DEPT tables using Oracle/MySQL so that you get a feel for the SQL language.  Creating tables, populating them with data and manipulating the data.  The tutorials will allow you to work through a series of questions to reinforce the lecture material.  You may find it useful to keep your lecture material with you during the tutorials.

3.  Data Manipulation Language (DML) ◦ Insert allows you to enter new rows ◦ Update allows you to change existing rows ◦ Delete remove unwanted rows  Select is used to retrieve data from the database  Data Description Language (DDL) ◦ Create create objects ◦ Alter structurally change objects ◦ Drop drop objects within the database (Objects are tables, views, indexes etc.)

4.  Data Control Language (DCL) ◦ Grant specify access rights on objects ◦ Revoke remove access rights These statements are NOT case-sensitive Each of the statements should be terminated with a semicolon ‘;’ at the end of the last line, OR a slash can be used on the following line.

5. EMPNOENAMEJOBMGRHIREDATESALCOMMDEPTNO 7839KINGPRESIDENT-11/17/19815000-10 7698BLAKEMANAGER783905/01/19812850-30 7782CLARKMANAGER783906/09/19812450-10 7566JONESMANAGER783904/02/19812975-20 7788SCOTTANALYST756612/09/19823000-20 7902FORDANALYST756612/03/19813000-20 7369SMITHCLERK790212/17/1980800-20 7499ALLENSALESMAN769802/20/1981160030030 7521WARDSALESMAN769802/22/1981125050030 7654MARTINSALESMAN769809/28/19811250140030 7844TURNERSALESMAN769809/08/19811500030 7876ADAMSCLERK778801/12/19831100-20 7900JAMESCLERK769812/03/1981950-30 7934MILLERMANAGER778201/23/19821300-10

6. DEPTNODNAMELOC 10ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON 50HRLONDON

7.  This is the most commonly used statement  Used to query database information  The informal syntax is a follows: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name(s) WHERE constraint(s); ‘*’ asks for all the columns to be returned.

8.  The top line ‘SELECT’ describes the column name(s) from which you are attempting to build the query.  The second line ‘FROM’ lists the tables or relations that contain the data necessary to service the query  The third line, the ‘WHERE’ constraint is optional. The WHERE clause allows you to specify the tuples (rows) to be returned.

9.  The basic statement:  If we wish to display all of the tuples (rows) of a given relation (i.e. table): SELECT * FROM EMP; (; end of statement to be executed) ◦ We can constrain this by requesting only those employees with the name ‘Allen’ SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = 'ALLEN'; (this is the constraint) ◦ 'ALLEN' is enclosed in quotation marks as we are searching on a column data type which is a string

10.  If we want to search on numeric columns: SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO = 10; SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7654;

11.  This clause is used to restrict the output to show a subset of the rows from a table.  It must be placed after the FROM clause  The WHERE clause has the following format:  WHERE Operators may be: ◦ Comparative Operators ◦ = != = <> and ◦ Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7521 AND ENAME = 'WARD';

12.  If we said: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7369 AND ENAME = 'WARD'; We would return an empty table as there are no tuples (rows) that satisfy both of these constraints. if we said: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7876 OR ENAME = 'KING'; Two tuples would be returned as these would satisfy one or other of the constraints.

13.  You can retrieve attribute values by specifying columns: The command is SELECT COLUMN_NAME (S) FROM TABLE_NAME (S); SELECT ENAME FROM EMP; Will return one column, and the values from the ename column (14 rows). SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,JOB FROM EMP; Will return three columns, in that order (14 rows)

14.  Row and Columns constraints can be set as follows: SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL > 2000; Returns only those columns empno and ename from the emp table and only those rows with a balance greater than 2000. SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1500 AND 3000; Displays all those employees who earn between 1500 and 3000 (four columns and eight rows in this case)

15.  If we want to search for employees whose name begins with the letter ‘A’ We can say: SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'A%'; This will display two tuples (rows) i.e. all those employees whose names begin with A and three columns. The ‘%’ is a wildcard operator.

16.  You can use the ‘NOT IN’ operator as follows: SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN ('SALESMAN', 'MANAGER'); This will return those employees who are not salesmen or managers. You can also use the operator !=

17.  If you want to find all the clerks in department 30 who earn less than $1000 you can say: SELECT ENAME,JOB, SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB = 'CLERK' AND SAL < 1000; This will return 1 row for James, a clerk who earns $950.

18.  MySQL provides you with the capability to gather and manipulate data over several tables using the JOIN feature.  A join is one of the fundamental operations in relational algebra.  The basic Structure is: SELECT table1.column1, table1.column2, table2.column1 FROM table1, table2, tablen WHERE join criteria;

19. ◦ We want to know where ALLEN works. The EMP table does not hold the location details but the DEPT table does. SELECT ename, loc FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.deptno = DEPT.deptno AND ename = 'ALLEN'; We need to distinguish between the deptno in the two tables therefore they are prefixed with the table name. Here we have an equi-join in the WHERE clause.

20. SELECT d.*, ename, job from EMP e, DEPT d WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno AND (e.deptno = 40 or e.deptno=30) ORDER BY e.deptno; The alias d.* will retrieve all the column names in the DEPT Table. We use aliases to identify which column name belongs to which table as some column names will exist in more than one table for example, deptno.

21.  Normally when tables are joined we use primary/foreign keys which are generally defined as NOT NULL, however to join non key elements we may use LEFT JOIN ◦ i.e Department 40 in table DEPT has no matching employees in table EMP so normal join queries would not retrieve department 40 SELECT dept.deptno, dname, job, ename FROM dept LEFT JOIN emp on dept.deptno = emp.deptno WHERE dept.deptno IN (30, 40) ORDER BY dept.deptno;

22.  A view is a type of window that allows you to view selected portions of data.  Advantages:  Security: a secure table may contain sensitive or confidential information that prevents it from general circulation. You can deny access to the emp table itself but instead provide access to a VIEW without the salary or commission details.  A view can be constructed on a need to know basis.  Convenience: instead of using complex queries to get a perspective on your data, you can create a view which allows you to obtain the same information with a simple query.

23.  No additional memory is required for a view as the view is created from the base tables every time the view is called. CREATE VIEW view_name AS (SELECT columns FROM table_name WHERE row_selector); CREATE VIEW EMP10 AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 10; A message will be displayed ‘view created’ you can check your view by: SELECT * FROM EMP10;

24.  You can add, delete or update data in a view. UPDATE EMP10 SET job = 'MANAGER' Where ename = 'MILLER';  Delete, rename or drop a view. DELETE FROM EMP10 WHERE ename = 'WILSON'; RENAME EMP10 to EMP11; DROP VIEW EMP11;

25.  When one of the conditions in a WHERE clause is a query itself it is known as a nested sub-query. It is used for step-wise processing. SELECT ename, job FROM EMP WHERE job = (SELECT job FROM EMP WHERE ename = 'JONES');  The sub query is enclosed in brackets.  The values compared across the outer query and the subquery must be of the same datatype.  Nested query is performed in step 1 and its result is used in step 2 with the outer query.

26.  Example: Find the person who earns the highest salary: ◦ Step 1: find the maximum salary ◦ Step 2: Find the person whose salary is equal to the maximum salary SELECT ename, sal FROM EMP WHERE sal = (SELECT MAX(sal) FROM EMP);

27.  More DML ◦ – additional SELECT clauses ◦ Insert, Alter and Delete  DDL – CREATing, ALTERing and DROPping objects

28.  Rolland, F.D (1997), Essence of Databases (Essence of Computing), Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0137278276  Date C.J. (2000); An Introduction to Database Systems, Addison Wesley, (or any earlier editions)  Patrick J.P. (2002), SQL Fundamentals (2 nd edition), Prentice Hall, ISBN 0130669474  SQL at w3schools (click to follow the link) SQL at w3schools (click to follow the link)