1. Chapter 3 Concise History of SQL IFS180.81 Intro. to Data Management

2. History of DBMS Hierarchical Database Structure Where structure is formed by data groups, subgroups, and further subgroups Strength – capturing and storing transactional data Major weakness – difficult for ad-hoc or on- demand queries

3. History of DBMS DEPT # Dept Name Reports To Manager Budget Emp # Emp Name Dept # Sex Salary Grade Job# Job Description Job Date Title Child Name Age Sex Salary Date Salary System / Program had to navigate forward / backward thru branches

4. History of DBMS Network Database Structure Developed to allow retrieval of specific records Utilizes a system of ‘Pointers’ (RRN’s) No longer had to follow branches Major weakness – maintenance of Pointers

5. History of DBMS 1 2 3 4 5 Extremely Fast for Querying Data, Slow for TPS

6. History of DBMS Relational DBMS – 1970 Codd & Date Based Upon relational algebra and Set Theory from 1800’s. Sets of object are considered as a whole Relational algebra (simplest form) are truth tables. And / Or / Nor Fast ad-hoc queries and TP

7. History of SQL English like Query Language was developed to manipulate data in RDBMS (structured query language) Relational Software (aka Oracle) Cal Berkley (INGRES) IBM (DB/2)

8. History of SQL American National Standards Institute (ANSI) SQL Standard: YearNameAliasComments 1986SQL-86SQL-87First published by ANSI. Ratified by ISO in 1987.ANSIISO1987 Lacked Referential Integrity 1989SQL-89Minor revision. 1992SQL-92SQL2Major revision. Focusing on Standardization 1999SQL:19 99 SQL3Added regular expression matching, recursive queries, triggers, non-scalar types and some object-oriented features. (The last two are somewhat controversial and not yet widely supported.) 2003SQL:20 03 Introduced XML-related features, window functions, standardized sequences and columns with auto-generated values (including identity-columns). (See Eisenberg et al.: SQL:2003 Has Been Published.)Eisenberg et al.: SQL:2003 Has Been Published

9. History of SQL Even though SQL is a standard, all major vendors have their version Oracle = PL/SQL IBM = SQL PL Microsoft = Transact SQL

10. History of SQL Why so many versions of SQL Implementations? Size / Complexity of ANSI Standard Missing components from STD (Indexing) Ambiguity of standard Backwards compatibility Need to be careful and know what vendor you are working with