1. Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange By: Tanaejah Miller, Kalazeh Johnson, Dawnn Walker, and Sampson Wu

2. The Stirrup A stirrup is a loop,ring,or other contrivance of metal,wood,leather,etc., suspended from the saddle of a horse to support the rider’s foot. A stirrup is a loop,ring,or other contrivance of metal,wood,leather,etc., suspended from the saddle of a horse to support the rider’s foot. The stirrup is really only used for horses….. The stirrup is really only used for horses….. The first stirrups were invented as early as 800 BCE, and the first stirrups were probably made out of materials such as leather, bone, and wood. The first stirrups were invented as early as 800 BCE, and the first stirrups were probably made out of materials such as leather, bone, and wood. Since those stirrups had no support what so ever, people continued to remodel and change the design of the stirrup. Since those stirrups had no support what so ever, people continued to remodel and change the design of the stirrup. The first proper stirrup(the ones we recognize today) came about 200-300 CE, and the Chinese were accredited with making them. The first proper stirrup(the ones we recognize today) came about 200-300 CE, and the Chinese were accredited with making them.

3. Ox Yokes Ox Yokes Yokes were inventions made in ancient times that were used to harness animals such as: cattles, and oxen. This helped cut the amount of work in half. Yokes were inventions made in ancient times that were used to harness animals such as: cattles, and oxen. This helped cut the amount of work in half. This invention became necessary due to the need for extra power as agriculture became more sedentary. This invention became necessary due to the need for extra power as agriculture became more sedentary. Yokes differed from region to region based on culture and the region itself. Yokes differed from region to region based on culture and the region itself. The initial design was not very suitable for animals but over time were made more comfortable. The initial design was not very suitable for animals but over time were made more comfortable. There are three types of the yokes, the common ones being the head, the neck, and the withers yoke. There are three types of the yokes, the common ones being the head, the neck, and the withers yoke.

4. Dhow ships: Innovations in maritime technologies Dhow ships were, like many other innovations, another approach to satisfy the needs of people( in this case, explorers). Dhow ships usually did not have decks which made the ride for passengers very uncomfortable. Many dhow ships had figures or decorative sterns in the front of them and may have been used to frighten any enemies they encountered on their voyages. Dhow ships were, like many other innovations, another approach to satisfy the needs of people( in this case, explorers). Dhow ships usually did not have decks which made the ride for passengers very uncomfortable. Many dhow ships had figures or decorative sterns in the front of them and may have been used to frighten any enemies they encountered on their voyages. The difference from one dhow from another was its hull; the hull was apart of the infrastructure including the sides, the body, and bottom of the vessel. Dhows were very easy to sustain and maneuver and have been well known as pirate ships for that simple fact. The difference from one dhow from another was its hull; the hull was apart of the infrastructure including the sides, the body, and bottom of the vessel. Dhows were very easy to sustain and maneuver and have been well known as pirate ships for that simple fact. Source: http://www.fofweb.com.gatekeeper.chipublib.org/NuHistory/d efault.asp?ItemID=WE49 Source: http://www.fofweb.com.gatekeeper.chipublib.org/NuHistory/d efault.asp?ItemID=WE49

5. More info. On Dhow Ships Dhow ships in the past were used for trading and transport of cargo, dhow ships were made up of sewn together hull planks with lateen sails, these dhows had crews consisting of 12 for smaller ships and 30 for larger ones. These dhows were double ended with no pitch or tar covering its planks. With its introduction to Europe, the sails were changed into triangular mizzen sails which gave European sailors more flexibility, this new design was superior against the lateen sail for sailing close to the wind. The true origin of the dhow has been lost to history, historians have suspected that it originated from China between 600 B.C to 600 A.D

6. Lateen Sails A lateen sail is a triangular sail set on a long sloping yard. A lateen sail is a triangular sail set on a long sloping yard. Unlike the ancient square sail, the lateen sail was the earliest fore-and-aft sail. Unlike the ancient square sail, the lateen sail was the earliest fore-and-aft sail. The lateens’ sail’s use by the Arabs helped spread it across the Mediterranean during the Medieval period. The lateens’ sail’s use by the Arabs helped spread it across the Mediterranean during the Medieval period.

7. Works cited Adkins, Lesley, and Roy A. Adkins. "horses in ancient Rome." Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome, Updated Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. Ancient and Medieval History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE49&iPin=HROU0429&SingleRecord=True (accessed October 9, 2014)