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The Adrenal Gland
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The Adrenal Gland
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The Adrenal Gland The adrenal medulla The adrenal cortex catecholamine
corticoids Zona glomerulos zona fasciculata zona reticularis
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Anatomy of Adrenal Cortex
zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids zona reticularis secretes androgens Androgen glucocorticoid
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Adrenocortical hormone
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Renal and Circulatory effects of Aldosterone
Aldosterone Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of K+ Excess Aldosterone↑→ ECF ↑→ABP↑ Small effect on plasma Na+ Concentration
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Renal and Circulatory effects of aldosterone
K+ concentration Aldosterone ↑→ Hypokalemia and Muscle Weak- ness Aldosterone ↓→Hyperkalemia and Cardiac Toxicity Mild Alkalosis: Aldosterone ↑ adrenal glands suddenly stop secreting aldosterone salt are lost in the urine→ECF↓ → blood volume ↓ → circulatory shock → causes death within a few days (without treatment)
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Glucocorticoids Function
:inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis gluconeogenesis :FFA↑
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Glucocorticoids Function Poor wound healing not most other cells
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Glucocorticoids Function
: same with mobilization of amino acid from muscle glucose uptake in adipose cell ↓
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Glucocorticoids Function torso Cushing’s syndrome
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Cushing’s syndrome Buffalo-like torso Rounded face, “moon-face”.
Striae bruisability with ecchymose
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Glucocorticoids Function Resisting stress
Trauma , infection, intense heat or cold, surgery
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Resisting stress stressor Brain Anterior pituitary (ACTH)
Sympathetic nervous system Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Glucocorticoids NE,E
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Glucocorticoids Function
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Glucocorticoids Function
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Summary of glucocoticoid action
Gs Hepatic gluconeogenesis↑ Insulin action↓ BG ↑ Glucocoticoid↑→ Adrenal diabetes Pro-tein Catabolism ↑ (especially in muscle) anabolism ↓ Amino acid in blood plasma difficult of wound healing Fat Fat mobilization ↑ Fat redistribution acetone body ↑ central obesity Cushing’s syndrome H2O and Na+ Similar with aldosterone ADH ↓ GFR ↑ (1/400 of aldosterone) Glucocoticoid↓→ Water Intoxication
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lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑ RBC↑TBC↑ lymphocyte↓ neutrophil↑
Blood cell hematopoiesis↑ lymphopoiesis↓ lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑ RBC↑TBC↑ lymphocyte↓ neutrophil↑ eosinophil ↓ Leuke-mia Gastric shield gastric acid and peptic enzyme ↑ gastric mucosa↓fall off of gastric epithelia cell ulcer ↑ Circulat-ion permisivienesss glucocoticoid↓→BP↓ CNS excitability↑ less→euphoria more→restlessness, insomnia leukemia
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Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis
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Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Action of CRH Synthesis and release of ACTH Action of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone ) control Cortisol secretion hypertrophy and proliferation of the adrenocorticol cells
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Large amount administration of exogenous glucocoticoid , prohibit to stop using it suddently
?
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Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Regulation of cortisol Secretion Negative feedback effect of cortisol cortisol
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Diseases of Adrenal Glands
Cushing’s Disease Hyper-active adrenal cortex rounded face & obesity Thin, frail skin poor wound healing Addison’s Disease Hypo-active adrenal cortex Decreased appetite, weight loss Cold intolerance Stress susceptibility
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The adrenal medulla
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The adrenal medulla
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The adrenal medulla
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The adrenal medulla
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Insulin Insulin Small protein 51 AA Receptor Tyrosine kinase
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Insulin
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Insulin acetoacetic acid is also converted into b-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone. ketone bodies: Acetoacetic, b-hydroxybutyric acid ,acetone
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Insulin
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Insulin
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Glucagon
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Endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Polypeptide
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Funtion : increase the calcium concentration Bone Stimulate osteoclast to remove Ca 2+ from the bone matrix Kidney: Increased Ca2+ reabsorption, PO42- excretion Small intestine Increased Ca2+ reabsorption
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Calcitonin Produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland. Function
plasma Ca 2+ and PO42-↓ Regulation Concentration of Ca 2+ increased ,The calcitonin increased.
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Vitamin D3 Function ↑intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption.
↓renal calcium and phosphate excretion. Coordinate with PTH increase Ca 2+ .
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Summary
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Summary
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