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4. Genetically Engineered Vaccines Genetic Engineering in Animals Biotechnology in Medicine Transgenic Organisms Microbial Genetics > Transgenic Organisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5777_section_104&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. All vaccines are genetically modified in a way. A gene may be programmed to produce an antiviral protein in a bacterial cell. Once sealed into the DNA, the bacteria is now effectively re-programmed to replicate this new antiviral protein. Recombinant engineered vaccines are being extensively explored, especially to eradicate infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Protocols for genetically engineered vaccines raise issues on their efficacy and overall benefit. Genetically Engineered Vaccines Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-104/genetically-engineered-vaccines-540- 10778?campaign_content=book_5777_section_104&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Genetically modified viruses View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Transgenic Organisms

6. Genetic engineering of animals involves manipulating or modifying the genetic code of selected animals to alter their characteristics and to introduce certain desired traits. The genetic engineering in animals has increased significantly in recent years, and the use of this technology brings with it ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Biomedical applications of genetically engineered animals are numerous, and include understanding of gene function, modeling of human disease to either understand disease mechanisms or to aid drug development, and xenotransplantation. Genetic Engineering in Animals Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-104/genetic-engineering-in-animals-541- 4633?campaign_content=book_5777_section_104&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Genetically manipulated mice View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Transgenic Organisms

7. The study of pharmacogenomics can result in the development of tailor-made vaccines for people, more accurate means of determining drug dosages, improvements in drug discovery and approval, and the development of safer vaccines. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture drugs more easily and cheaply, as they can be produced in larger quantities from existing genetic sources. Genetic diagnosis involves the process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment through genetic testing. In gene therapy, a good gene is introduced at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. Biotechnology in Medicine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-104/biotechnology-in-medicine-542- 11702?campaign_content=book_5777_section_104&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Gene Therapy View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Transgenic Organisms

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms ecosystem The interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment. FDA Food and Drug Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. gene therapy any of several therapies involving the insertion of genes into a patient's cells in order to replace defective ones genetic engineering The deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism. The term genetic modification is used as a synonym. immunodeficiency a depletion in the body's natural immune system, or in some component of it Patents A form of intellectual property. pharmacogenomics the study of genes that code for enzymes that metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up vaccine a substance given to stimulate the body's production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease, prepared from the agent that causes the disease, or a synthetic substitute. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics

10. Genetically manipulated mice Laboratory mice are genetically manipulated by deleting a gene for use in biomedical research. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "PCWmice1." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCWmice1.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCWmice1.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

11. Genetically modified viruses Scientist studying the H5N1 influenza virus to design a vaccine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Influenza virus research." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influenza_virus_research.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influenza_virus_research.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

12. Gene Therapy Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector can be used to cure certain genetic diseases in which a person has a defective gene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44552/latest/Figure_17_01_08.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44552/latest/Figure_17_01_08.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics Ironically these important molecules are lost during recombinant subunit vaccine production. A) antigens B) contaminants C) vaccines D) viruses

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics Ironically these important molecules are lost during recombinant subunit vaccine production. A) antigens B) contaminants C) vaccines D) viruses

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics What are some of the uses of animal genetic engineering? A) understanding gene function B) modeling human diseases C) xenotransplantation D) All of these answers

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics What are some of the uses of animal genetic engineering? A) understanding gene function B) modeling human diseases C) xenotransplantation D) All of these answers

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics The interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment. A) genetic engineering B) ecosystem C) vaccine D) FDA

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics The interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment. A) genetic engineering B) ecosystem C) vaccine D) FDA

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics Which is NOT an example of biotechnology use in medicine? A) manipulation of mutant genes to treat disease B) using mutant genes in genetic diagnosis C) introducing good genes into diseased cells D) all of these answers

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics Which is NOT an example of biotechnology use in medicine? A) manipulation of mutant genes to treat disease B) using mutant genes in genetic diagnosis C) introducing good genes into diseased cells D) all of these answers

21. Attribution Wikipedia. "Genetic engineering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering Wiktionary. "ecosystem." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecosystemCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecosystem Wiktionary. "Patents." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/PatentsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Patents Wiktionary. "genetic engineering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic+engineeringCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic+engineering Wikipedia. "FDA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDACC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA Wikipedia. "Genetic engineering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering Wiktionary. "vaccine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccineCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccine Wikibooks. "Genes, Technology and Policy/Applications in Medicine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Genes,_Technology_and_Policy/Applications_in_MedicineCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Genes,_Technology_and_Policy/Applications_in_Medicine Wiktionary. "pharmacogenomics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pharmacogenomicsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pharmacogenomics Wiktionary. "immunodeficiency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunodeficiencyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunodeficiency Wiktionary. "gene therapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene+therapyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene+therapy Connexions. "Biotechnology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44552/latest/?collection=col11448/latestCC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44552/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics