1. Sentences & Verb tenses & Readings
Sergio Pizziconi

2. Plan of the day Review A survey on made-in-Italy abroad
Tomorrow,
bring a spilletta
to class
Plan of the day
Review
A survey on made-in-Italy abroad
Relative clauses
Personal and possessive pronouns
Verb tenses
Readings
Plan
EXTRA-CLASS work:
Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK relative clauses]
Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter]
Keep working on your project.

3. Review: Phonology 1/1
Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

4. Review: Morphology 1/1 Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)
ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence  N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less antonym help+ful //
Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) //
Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj)
Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj)
BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst //
Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced
Plural: Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced //
Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)
Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

5. Review: Syntax 1 WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????
Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)//
AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS to have (e.g., Things have changed)
BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few constructions (e.g., are you finished?) //
Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to engender (causare, determinare) //
Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +…..
Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form)
Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form)
N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE IT instead of adding to do
Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) //
What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT)
What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????)
WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

6. Review: Syntax 2
Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands //
Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village was… [see vignette below]
In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for possessive case and article]//
TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid)
INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying)
N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

7. Review: Syntax 3 I want TO focus/analyze I would like TO focus/analyze
Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to)
Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?)
Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go)
They do not take to before or after:
WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG
WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG
They do not take –s for 3° person singular
WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG
They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality:
Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK
I want TO focus/analyze
I would like TO focus/analyze

8. V (D.O.) (I.O.) S (Att) Review: syntax 4 Links within the text
Circumstances
Textual markers
Links within the text
On what condition?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) S V
How?
Why?
(Att)
Where?
When?
About the relation between interlocutors
General structure of the sentence

9. Review: Syntax 5
What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing?
I think (that) you can do excellent projects
Io penso che …
Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)?
What’s the difference between the two uses of “honestly” below?
Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game
I don’t think you can honestly win the game
D.O. replacing subordinate clause
Discourse Marker (relation to interlocutors)
Vs.
Circumstance

10. Review: Syntax 6
Basic relative clauses
A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase
We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday XXXX were delivered yesterday
A relative pronoun
A clause with a missing element
A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a missing element

11. Review: Syntax 7 Omitted relative pronoun:
From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people [that/whom] they know or meet.
Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be):
From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety of goods and services XXX XXX [which are] designed to meet customers’ needs…
Fused relative pronoun:
From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in which] BIC understands product life cycles
Other details about relative clauses

12. Review: Pragmatics 1/1
Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

13. Review: Pragmatics (Appendix)
Informal
Formal
Greetings
Sup?
Wassup?
What’s up?
How you doing?
How is it going?
How are you doing?
Good morning/afternoon/evening
Intro “
(very) nice/glad/pleased to meet you!
How do you do?
Parting after first meeting
(very) nice/glad/pleased meeting you!

14. Review: Tools 1/1
Tools: Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes //
Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or .ac.edu (UK universities)
SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

15. FOEs 1/4
- Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations , NOT an information)
Economy Vs Economics
Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions)
Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool)
- Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school)
I study English Vs I study the English language
Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form)
- A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university
An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

16. FOEs 2/4 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school
I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school
- Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of)
- Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun)
Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero)
Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured)
When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

17. FOEs 3/4 What’s wrong in the sentence below?
Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission.
You need a subject!
Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree]
A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch]
Possessive case:
The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house
The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice
BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy
BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

18. FOEs 4/4 (charts) April May June IN June ON May 23rd DURING the month
Fall – fell – fallen
WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ????
ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average)
Price varies according to volume
WRONG: It is steadily for the first part
RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high.
WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ????
WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ????
PREPOSITIONS
April
May
June
IN June
ON May 23rd
DURING the month
AT the end of June

19. Survey on made-in-Italy abroad
A study by Walter Giordano, Laura Di Ferrante and I (OR myself)
5 Italian products marketed abroad.
Stage 1: survey on the qualities of made-in-Italy products

20. Refresh: Relative clauses
Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses:
Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive
The car that is parked in front of the department is mine
My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT

21. Possessive My Your His Her Its Our Their Luke’s mine yours his hers
theirs
Tony’s
car is affordable
is expensive

22. Verb tenses 1 Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past
I go to school tomorrow
I go to school everyday
In 1776 the USA declare their independence
Past (simple)
Non-past: present (simple)
NOW
Past
Non-Past

23. Verb tenses 2 NOW Past Non-Past Futurity: Past (simple)
I go to school tomorrow
I am going to school tomorrow
I’m going to go to school tomorrow
I will go to school tomorrow
Past (simple)
Non-past: present (simple)
NOW
Past
Non-Past

24. Verb tenses…actually aspects 3
They usually refer to a habitual action:
I go to school [as my main activity today]
I went to school last year [as my main activity then]
Past (simple)
Non-past: present (simple)
To remark habits in the past:
I used to go to school last year
I would go to school everyday
NOW
Past
Non-Past

25. Verb tenses…actually aspects 4
Simple
Continuous/Progressive
Habitual process
On-going process:
To be + V-ing
Their price is decreasing
When I bought the shares,
their price was decreasing
Their price will be decreasing
NOW

26. Verb tenses…actually aspects 5
Simple
Continuous/Progressive
Perfect
Habitual process
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
I have started this project two weeks ago
When you will be back, they will have finished the project
The deadline was yesterday
but I had started the project two months ago
NOW

27. Verb tenses…actually aspects 6
Simple
Continuous/Progressive
Perfect
Habitual process
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
I have started this project two weeks ago
When you will be back, they will have finished the project
The deadline was yesterday
but I had started the project two months ago
NOW
I started the project two months ago because the deadline was yesterday

28. Duration form 7 NOW Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect
Perfect continuous
Habitual process
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing
I have been working on this project for four weeks
I have been working on this project since last month (2013)
NOW
BUT: I have known you all since March 10th

29. MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUSTs MUST rephrase MUST cite sources
MUST circumscribe your scope
MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment
MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis
MINIMUM MUST-NOTs
MUST NOT copy and paste
MUST NOT hide sources
MUST NOT write your paper in the slides
MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment
MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote

30. In-class activity
3 lines: explain the connection between Sonic’s campaign and BIC product life cycle strategy
TV Intro - Cheers (USA, )
Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents