1. Introduction to GIS

2. GIS Definitions A map connected to a database A computerized data base management system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data Key concept: well-designed system of data and tools

3. GIS requires understanding basic principles in: Mapping and cartography Database design If you focus only on mapping or database design, your GIS will not be as good as it can be.

4. Concepts are most important Software can be learned more easily What remains constant: –Spatial analysis concepts are relatively stable –All GIS software programs support basic analysis concepts What changes frequently –Tools, user interfaces, inclusion of additional capabilities (e.g., 3D, spatial statistics) –Data formats Focus more on concepts not just on software training

5. GIS strengths Good database management system for spatial information More efficient updates Easy and effective display Able to integrate data from many different sources (but…)

6. GIS Weaknesses Cost and difficulty of database creation Higher accuracy, higher costs Integration of data from diverse sources can result in poor overall accuracy if not well managed Representation of dynamic data – flows, dispersion, people, time Representation of fuzzy data

7. Data Input and Output Data Input –Procedure for encoding data into the computer; 2 types = SPATIAL and ATTRIBUTE data –Usually a major bottleneck in implementing a GIS –5 common types of data input include: Keyboard entry Scanning Manual digitizing GOGO (Coordinate Geometry – used by surveyors) Input of existing digital data

8. Data Input (cont.) –Metadata = “data about the data” and includes: Date of collection Positional accuracy Classification accuracy Completeness Method used to collect and encode data Data Input and Output Data Output - Hard Copy (paper/mylar maps, reports, etc.) - Soft Copy (eg. Powerpoint, Web, etc.)

9. Metadata Metadata (meta data, meta-data, or sometimes metainformation) is “data about data”. Metadata is an emerging practice with close ties to librarianship, information science, information technology and GIS. It can be applied to a vast array of objects including both physical and electronic items such as raw data, books, CDs, DVDs, images, maps, database tables, and web pages. Since the emergence of the Dublin Core metadata set and the internet, use of metadata has experienced a considerable growth in popularity as businesses and other organizations seek to organize rapidly growing volumes of data and information.Dublin Core

10. GIS and GPS

11. One of the right-side tires of the Space Shuttle Columbia recovered near Hemphill, Texas in 2003. Shuttle debris locations were mapped using GPS. Maps were then developed to guide debris recovery efforts and assess hazardous material. Photo by Stephen C. Brown.

12. GIS and GPS Space Shuttle Columbia debris recovered through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Photo by Stephen C. Brown.

13. GIS and GPS Integration Techniques Data-focused Integration Position-focused integration Technology-focused integration

14. Data-focused Integration Garmin Rino 110/120 + DNR Garmin + ArcView 10

15. Position-focused integration Garmin iQue M5 + ArcPad 7.1/8.0/10

16. Technology-focused integration Magellan ProMark 3 + MobileMapper Office

17. Summary GIS = Map + Database Mapping AND Database both important Constant = spatial analysis concepts Changes = software tools, data formats Strengths = good spatial data management, speed, integration of data Weaknesses = higher costs for higher accuracy, some data types hard to model Metadata = data about the data  Important 3 Types of GIS/GPS Integration = Data/Position/Technology Focused Integration