1. ADOLESCENCE: Emotional And Social Development
Chapter 12
ADOLESCENCE:
Emotional And Social Development

2. Development of Identity

3. Hall Hall’s Portrayal of “Storm and Stress”
Characterized by inevitable turmoil, maladjustment, tension, rebellion, dependency conflicts, and exaggerated peer-group conformity

4. Sullivan Interpersonal Theory of Development
Preadolescence: need for intimate relationship with same-sex playmate
Early Adolescence: need for sexual satisfaction, personal intimacy and personal security
Late Adolescence: satisfying sexual needs and a sexually and personally intimate relationship

5. Erikson The “Crisis” of Adolescence
Consists of the search for identity.
Identity diffusion: lack of ability to commit oneself to occupation or station in life
Negative identity: debased self-image and social role
Deviant identity: Lifestyle at odds with the values and expectations of society

7. Marcia Four types of identity formation 1. Identity diffusion
2. Identity foreclosure
3. Identity moratorium
4. Identity achievement

9. Cultural Aspects
Puberty Rites: Initiation ceremonies that socially symbolize the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Less obvious in Western countries
Adolescence: Not Necessarily Stormy or Stressful?
Bandura: Only for 10% of adolescents

10. Carol Gilligan Adolescent Girls and Self-Esteem
Women’s model of self: collectivist, ensembled or connected
Men’s model of self: individualist, independent or autonomous
Girls begin to doubt the authority of their own inner voices.

12. Mary Pipher Identity Formation in Adolescent Girls
Culture is destroying the identity and self esteem of many adolescent girls.

13. Michael Gurian Identity Formation in Boys
Boys need a primary and extended family, relationships with mentors and intense support from school and community.

14. Peers and Family

15. Youth Culture The Adolescent Peer Group
Youth culture: standardized ways of thinking, feeling and acting that are characteristic of a large body of young people.

16. Consciousness of oneness
Sympathetic identification in which group members feel that their inner experiences and emotional reactions are similar

17. Status Obtaining high status in today’s adolescent society
Ability to project an air of confidence in one’s essential masculinity or femininity
Ability to deliver a smooth performance in a variety of situations and settings.

18. Adolescents and Their Families
Influence in Different Realms of Behavior
Parents: finances, education and career plans
Peers: dress, personal adornment, dating, drinking, music and entertainment
Shift in the Family Power Equation
Adolescents and Their Mothers

21. Courtship, Love and Sexuality

22. Courtship, Love and Sexuality
Three images:
1. Public health/preventive medicine
perspective
2. Conservative moral view
3. Conservative economic approach

23. Differing Behavioral Patterns
Higher rates of sexual intercourse for adolescents in single-parent families
Less parental supervision
Single parents date; sexual behavior as role model for teens
Divorced parents: more permissive attitudes about sex

24. Courtship
Changes in dating behaviors

25. Love Some societies do not believe in romantic love.
Some psychologists: romantic love a state of physiological arousal that individuals define as love.
Leibowitz: love has a unique chemical basis.

26. Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
Development of Sexual Behavior
Adolescent Sexual Expression

27. Sexual Activity Rates
Increased through the 80’s, plateaued in the early 90’s, declined through 1997
Multiple Sex Partners
Percentage decreased overall

28. Teenage Pregnancy 1 of every 10 teenaged girls becomes pregnant.
Mixed messages about contraception
Why Do Teenagers Become Pregnant?
Most teenagers seek contraceptive care one year after first sexual activity.

29. Teenage Pregnancy The Young Teen Mother
Sex Education, “Safe Sex” and Contraception
Abortion

30. Sexual Orientation
One in four enter adolescence unsure of their sexual orientation.
By 18, most deem themselves heterosexual or homosexual.
Difficult adolescence for homosexuals

31. Career Development and Vocational Choice

32. World of Work Preparing for the World of Work
Adolescents ill-prepared for making vocational decisions
Changing Employment Trends in the U.S.
Young Americans without skills and often those with them, cannot count on a decent job.

34. Balancing School and Work
20 or more hours a week: more stress
Dropping out of High School
Rate between 11 to 23%

35. Risky Behaviors

36. Alcohol and Drugs Social Drinking and Drug Abuse
Drug abuse: excessive or compulsive use of chemical agents; interferes with health, social or vocational functioning and functioning of society.

37. Binge Drinking Downing five or more drinks in a row for men
Four or more for women

38. Why do Teens Use Drugs?
Recreational use central to many adolescent peer groups
Teenage Suicide
Third leading cause of death among adolescents

41. Teenage Suicide Risk factors
Depression: characterized by prolonged feelings of gloom, despair, futility, profound pessimism and tendency toward guilt and self-reproach.

42. Suicide Prevention Strongest risk factor: firearm at home
Treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants

44. Antisocial Behaviors
Families and neighbors hold the keys to cutting crime.
Violence and Age
Young people are the most frequent victims of violent crime in the U.S.