1. Coordination Mechanisms for Unrelated Machine Scheduling Yossi Azar joint work with Kamal Jain Vahab Mirrokni

2. Price on Anarchy [KP, RT] Selfish users User goal: minimize its cost Nash Equilibrium (NE) System goal (e.g. Social welfare) The worst ratio of NE cost to OPT cost

3. Price of Anarchy Concept Not algorithmic Only analysis What to do if PoA is large How to influence the system

4. Possible Solutions Change the system (add tolls, payments) Stackelberg strategy = control some users Disadvantages: changing the settings, global knowledge Challenge: influence within the same setting and locally (distributed)

5. Coordination Mechanism [CKN] Mechanism: local policy (algorithm) that assigns a cost for each strategy of the user Advantages: local, same type of cost Goal: achieving good NE Example: scheduling jobs on machines

6. Unrelated Machine Scheduling m unrelated machines n jobs – each owned by different user p(i,j) - processing time of job i on machine j System goal: minimize completion time User goal: minimize its own completion time m unrelated machines n jobs – each owned by different user p(i,j) - processing time of job i on machine j System goal: minimize completion time User goal: minimize its own completion time

7. Unrelated Machines Scheduling

8. Coordination Mechanism for Scheduling Policy for each machine (algorithm) which decides how to schedule jobs assigned to it Each Policy induces NE on jobs

9. Local Scheduling Policies

10. Type of Policies Local policy – depends on jobs assigned to machine Strongly local policy - depends only on processing time of jobs on that machine Ordering Policy = IIA (independence of irrelevant alternative)

11. Challenge Design policies that results in good NE (i.e. low PoA)

12. PoA of Longest First Results in poor NE The PoA is unbounded even for 2 machines The optimum completion time is low The completion time of NE is large

13. Unrelated Machines Scheduling

14. Equilibrium for Longest First

15. Previous Results Identical Machines: constant [CKN] Related: constant, log m [CV,ILMS] Restricted assignment: log m [ILMS] Unrelated Machines: m (IK,DJ,ILMS)

16. Main Results Negative Results (strongly local): PoA of any strongly local policy-at least m/2 In particular, PoA of Shortest-First is of order m Resolve an open question from 1977 (Alg D by Ibarra and Kim)

17. Main Results Positive Results (local): Local ordering policy with PoA of O(log m) Any local ordering policy – at least log m Pure Nash + Convergence O(log^2 m) More results on convergence …

18. Lower Bound for Strongly Local Policy We start with Shortest-First Extend it to arbitrary strongly local IIA policy Shortest-First is interesting by its own

19. Shortest-First Approx factor known to be at most m NE can be computed by shortest-first greedy algorithm (Alg D by Ibarra and Kim) An open question from 1977 We show it is at least m/2

20. Idea of the Proof m types of jobs Type j can be scheduled on machines j & j+1 Processing time of type j on machine j is low and on machine j+1 is high (ratio is j) All jobs on machine j have almost the same processing time

21. Example for Shortest-First

22. Idea of the Proof OPT assign all jobs of type j to machine j Number of jobs is chosen such that OPT has the same completion time for all machines

23. Optimal Assignment

24. Idea of the Proof In NE about half jobs of type j are on machine j and half on machine j+1 Completion time of NE grows linearly in m

25. Equilibrium for Shortest-First

26. Extend to Arbitrary Strongly Local Structure is similar to lower bound for Shortest-First Arbitrary ordering function is given for each machine Indices of jobs are chosen to behave similar to the above example

27. Efficiency Based Algorithm Order jobs on each machine by their efficiency Efficiency of job on machine is: The ratio between jobs best processing time to its processing time on this machine PoA of algorithm is O(log m)

28. Equilibrium Improves

29. Efficiency Based Algorithm Unfortunately – pure NE may not exist Iterative improvement may cycle Modified algorithm guarantees convergence and pure NE with PoA of O(log^2 m)

30. Modified Algorithm Each machine simulate log m submachines (by round robin) Submachine k of machine j handles jobs on efficiency between 2^{-k} and 2^{-k+1} Jobs are ordered on submachine by Shortest-First PoA of algorithm is O(log^2 m)

31. Summary Coordination Mechanism: Influence on the quality of the equilibrium Unrelated Machines: m – lower bound Shortest-First is at least m Local order by efficiency O(log m) – optimal Pure + Convergence O(log^2 m)

32. Discussion and Open Problems Non ordering strategies – get below log m Extend to network routing Show more effective usage of coordination mechanism