1. Chapter 4
The Human World

2. 1. World Population

3. Population Growth
Population growth varies from country to country and is influenced by cultural ideas, migration and level of development

4. The Demographic Transition
Demography – study of populations
Birthrate – number of births per year for every 1,000 people
Death rate – deaths per year for every 1,000 people
Natural increase – growth rate, difference between an area’s birthrate and its death rate
Migration – movement of people from place to place, must be considered when examining population growth
Demographic Transition model – uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region

5. The Demographic Transition
Falling death rates due to improved health care, more abundant food supplies , better living conditions
Most industrialized nations have reached zero population growth, where the birthrate and death rate are equal.
Families who live in agricultural areas tend towards having more children because of a need for their future labor on the farm
Doubling time – the number of years it takes a population to double in size

6. Challenges to Growth Growing populations demand more food
Populations that grow quickly use resources rapidly, and can face shortages of water, housing or clothing, etc.

7. Negative Population Growth
In NPG, annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate
In countries that have NPG, it often difficult to find enough workers to keep the economy going
Creates a need for immigrant labor, which can create tensions between host populations and immigrants

8. Population Distribution
World population distribution is uneven and is influenced by migration and the Earth’s physical geography
Population distribution – the pattern of human settlement
Population distribution, related to physical environment.
Only 30 percent of earths surface is land, and much of it is uninhabitable
Most people live where fertile soil, available water and a climate without harsh extremes makes human life possible
Europe and Asia, most densely populated continents
Asia contains 60 percent of world population
Most people today live in metropolitan areas, cities and their surrounding areas.

9. Population Density
Population density – the number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land
Canada has a PD of about 8 people per square mile
Bangladesh (east of India) has a PD of 2,594 people per square mile
People can be distributed unevenly within a country too, such as Egypt, where most live on the Nile River, away from the desert

10. Population Movement People are moving in great numbers
Urbanization – migration of people from rural areas to cities and suburbs
Primary cause of urbanization is the desire to find high paying jobs
About half of the world’s population lives in cities
Refugees – people who flee their country to escape persecution or disaster

11. 2. Global Cultures
The world’s people organize communities, develop their ways of life, and adjust to the differences and similarities they experience.
Many people struggle to maintain some elements of their traditional cultures while establishing ties with the global community.

12. Elements of Culture
Geographers divide the Earth into culture regions, which are defined by the presence of common elements such as language and religion.

13. Language Communicates information and experiences
Passes on cultural values and traditions
Even within a culture, language may vary, example: Alabama vs. South Dakota
Language families – large groups of languages having similar roots
English, Spanish and Russian all members of the Indo- European language family

14. Religion Beliefs vary around the world Can be a source of conflict
Also can enable people to find an identity
Can aid in creating community

15. Social Groups
Social system that helps members work together to meet basic needs
Family is one form
Social classes – groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education or other criteria
Ethnic group – made up of people who share a common language, history, place of origin or combination of these elements

16. Government and Economy
Maintains order
Provides protection from outside dangers
Supplies additional services: i.e. police, hospitals, fire stations
Organized by levels: National, regional, and local
Organized by type of authority: single ruler, small group of leaders, body of citizens and representatives
Economy:
How a culture utilizes its natural resources to meet human needs

17. Culture Regions
Culture Region – countries that have certain traits in common, i.e. economic systems, form of government, social groups

18. Cultural Change
Internal and external factors change cultures over time
Internal factors – new ideas, lifestyles and inventions
External factors – trade, migration and war
Cultural diffusion – process of spreading new knowledge from one culture to another

19. Agricultural Revolution
Earliest humans were nomads, groups of hunters and herders, no fixed home, moved from place to place in search of food, water and grazing land
About 10,000 years ago, many nomads settled and began farming. This shift from hunting and gathering food to farming is known as the Agricultural Revolution.
Eventually, civilizations were formed. Civilizations are highly organized, city based societies with advanced knowledge or farming , trade, government, art and science

20. Culture Hearths
Culture Hearths – early center of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas, i.e. Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China and Mexico
Possess mild climate and fertile land
Located near major source of water
Enabled people to grow surplus crops
Led to rise of cities and civilizations
Productive farming led to specialization, such as metalworking ands shipbuilding, spurred long-distance trade
Increased wealth led to more complex cities, governments, social systems, writing systems for recording information

21. Cultural Contacts
Contact among different civilizations through trade and travel promoted social change through exposure to different ideas and practices
Movement of people, or migration, fostered cultural diffusion
People migrate to avoid wars, persecution, famine
Some migrations are forced, i.e. Africans brought to America to be slaves
Some people migrate in search of better economic opportunities, higher quality of life

22. Industrial and Information Revolutions
Cultural diffusion has increased rapidly during the last 250 years, due to improvements in transportation
Industrial Revolution – 1700’s and 1800’s, development of power driven machines and factors to mass produce goods. Led to people leaving farms for cities, jobs.
Information Revolution – end of 1900’s, computers, store lots of info, send it instantly

23. 3. Political and Economic Systems
Governments and economies of countries around the world are becoming increasingly interconnected.
Some countries or groups of countries, such as the European Union, have strong economies that allow them to help improve standards of living in other countries.

24. Features of Government
Territory, population and sovereignty influence levels and types of governments in countries around the world
World includes nearly 200 independent countries
Sovereignty – freedom from outside control
Governments made and enforce policies and laws that are binding on all people living with its territory

25. Levels of Government
National, provincial, state, county, city, town, village
Unitary System – gives all powers to the national or central government. State, provincial or local governments exist, but are created and controlled by central government.
Examples: UK and France during Middle Ages
Federal System – divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments. Each level has authority in some areas.
Examples: US.
Confederation – loose union of independent territories.
Examples: Colonial America before the revolution created a strong central government. Today – Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Mexico, Brazil, and India.

26. Types of Governments
Autocracy – authority to rule belongs to single individual.
Forms of Autocracy include dictatorship ( Hitler, Germany), which come to power through election or take over, and monarchy (King/Queen, Saudi Arabia) which inherit their powers
Oligarchy – a small group holds power. Drives its power from wealth, religion, military power, social position or a combination. Example: China
Democracy – leaders rule with the consent of the citizens.
Direct Democracy – citizens themselves decide on issues, some local governments
Representative Democracy – people elect representatives with the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government, national governments, US
Republic – votes elect all major officials, responsible to people, i.e. US, France

27. Economic Systems
The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy and command economy
Traditional Economy – habit and custom determine the rules of all economic activity, controlled by elders and ancestors. Example: Inuit of northern Canada
Market Economy: individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce, based on free enterprise/capitalism, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to won property or businesses and make profit with only limited government interference.
No pure market economy exists. US is a mixed economy, where the government supports and regulates free enterprise.

28. Economic Systems
Command Economy – government own or directs the means of production – land, labor, capital (machinery, factories), and business managers – and control the distribution of goods.
Try to distribute goods and services equally among all citizens
Communism – strict government control of entire society, including economy
Socialism – allows wider range of free enterprise, attempts to distribute wealth equally, control society through government, and have public ownership of services and factories that are essential.

29. 4. Resources, Trade and the Environment
The growth of the global economy continues to make the world’s people increasingly interdependent or reliant on each other.
Natural resource, extracted, traded around the world
Resources are often misused, cause pollution and damage to the environment.

30. Resource Management
Natural Resources – elements form the earth not made by people
Renewable resources – cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally or grown again in a short period of time, i.e. Wind, sun, water, forests and animal life.
Non-renewable resources – cannot be replaced, i.e. minerals, fossil fuels (oil, coal)
Natural resources must be managed to ensure that they meet future needs

31. Economies and World Trade
Natural resources are not evenly distributed throughout the Earth.
As a result, countries specialize in the economic activities best suited to their resources

32. Economic Development
Geographers and economists classify the world’s economic activities into four types.
Primary economic activities – taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth. Examples: farming, fishing, forestry, mining
Secondary economic activities – use raw materials to produce something new and more valuable. Examples: manufacturing automobiles, assembling electronic goods, producing electric power

33. Economic Development
Tertiary economic activities – do not involve directly acquiring and remaking natural resources. These are activities that provide services to people and businesses. Examples: doctors, teachers, lawyers, bankers provide these services.
Quaternary economic activities – concerned with the processing, management and distribution of information. Includes people working in education, government, business , information processing and research.

34. Economic Development Economies develop in stages
Industrialization – spread of industry
Developed countries –have a great deal of manufacturing and technology.
Newly industrialized countries – have moved from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activities. Examples: Mexico and Malaysia.
Developing countries – those working toward greater manufacturing and technology. Agriculture remains dominant. Many people in these countries still subsistence form, or grow just enough to survive.

35. World Trade
Unequal distribution of natural resources is one factor that promotes a complex network of trade among countries.
Differences in labor costs and education levels affect world trade.
Multinationals, or firms that do business in many places throughout the world, often base their businesses in countries with low labor costs.

36. Barriers to Trade
Some governments place a tariff, or a tax, on imported goods, in order to make them more expensive and encourage people to buy domestic products.
Governments may also put a quota, or a number limit, on the quantity of a particular imported product.
Governments may impose an embargo, or ban trade with another country altogether, as a way to punish that country for political or economic differences. Example: US embargo on Cuba

37. Free Trade
Recently, governments around the world have moved towards free trade, or removal of trade barriers
GATT, NAFTA and WTO encourage free trade

38. People and the Environment
Economic activities have led to environmental pollution
Pollution – the release of unclean or toxic elements into the air, water and land
Water pollution – oil takers, offshore drilling rigs can cause oil spills. Industries may dump chemic waste that gets into water supply.
Land Pollution – occurs when chemical waste poisons fertile topsoil or solid waste is dumped in landfills.
Air Pollution – mainly burning of fossil fuels by industries and vehicles, gives off poisonous gases, can form acid rain, can eat away at buildings, kill fish, etc.
Global warming – some scientists believe that rising levels of carbon dioxide in atmosphere contributing to a general increase in Earth’s temperature.