1. Organic Reactions

2. Combustion Reaction with O 2 – burning For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO 2 & H 2 O Insufficient O 2 – C, CO, & H 2 O C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g)

3. Substitution C 2 H 6 + Cl 2  C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl H  C  C  H + Cl  Cl  H  C  C  H + HCl H H Cl Start with a saturated hydrocarbon 2 Replace 1 or more H atom with another atom or group. Get 2 products (swap).

4. Addition H  C=C  H + Cl  Cl  H  C  C  H H Cl H Add across a double or triple bond. Start with an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Get only 1 saturated product. (1 answer) C 2 H 4 + Cl 2  C 2 H 4 Cl 2

5. Esterification Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water OHH H  C  C  OH + HO  C  C  C  H  H H = O H H H H 2 O H  C  C  O  C  C  C  H + H 2 O = OHH HH H H H

6. Saponification Making Soap Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

7. HCCCHHCCCH  O  C  C 17 H 35 HH HH HH NaOH + FAT + Base   (Triglyceride) = O = O = O

8. H  C  OH  C  OH  C  OH  H HH HH HH + Na  O  C  C 17 H 35 = = = O O O Glycerol Soap

9. Fermentation Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6  2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 zymase sugarethanol carbon dioxide

10. What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in pop bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common? polymersThey are all giant molecules called polymers. Poly means many Mers means parts

11. Polymers Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units. Analogy = chain consisting of many links Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu Monomer: Molecule from which a polymer is made. Starting material.

12. Natural Polymers Wool Silk Rubber Starch Proteins Nucleic Acids

13. Synthetic Polymers Plastics – polyethylene, PVC Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer

14. Polymerization Reactions Addition EverythingAddition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated. CondensationCondensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H 2 O.

15. Addition Polymerization C=C     H H H H H H H H H H        C  C  C  C  C  C        H H H H H H n n  Ethene = monomer Polyethylene = polymer segmer

16. Polyethylene Varieties Milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys, & plastic grocery bags Shrink-wrap films, sandwich bags, garment bags, grocery bags Bottle caps

17. Substituted Ethylenes H C=C H CH 3  H H H H H H H H  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  H  H  H  H  CH 3 Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery

18. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) H C=C H Cl  H H H H H H H H  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipes Replace the H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap.

19. Teflon F F C=C F F n  F F F F F F  C  C  C  C  C  C  F F F F F F

20. Condensation Polymerization H H O  H H  O  C  C  O  H H H + H H  O  C  C  O  H H H  H H H H H  O  C  C  O  C  C  O  H H H H H + H2OH2OH2OH2O

21. Condensation Polymerization Split out a small molecule such as H 2 O. Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.

22. Nylon - 1935 HO  C  C  C  C  C  C  OH == OO + NH 2  C  C  C  C  C  C  NH 2  CCCCCCNCCCCCCNCCCCCCNCCCCCCN == O O  H  H n + H 2 O

23. source Congratulations!!!! You’re finished!