1. Chapter Sixteen Population & Urbanization

2. Population – A group of people living in a particular place at a specified time Demography – The scientific study of population Fertility – A measure of the # of children born to a woman or a population of women Fecundity – The max rate at which women can physically produce children

3. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – Average # of children born to a woman during her lifetime Fertility Rate – The annual # of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – The annual # of live births per 1,000 members of a population

4. Mortality – Deaths within a population Life Span – The most advanced age to which humans can survive Life expectancy – The average # of years that persons in a given population born at a particular time can expect to live Crude Death Rate (CDR) – The annual # of deaths per 1,000 members of a population Infant Mortality Rate – The annual # of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births Migration – The movement of people from one geographic area to another Gross Migration Rate – The # of persons per year per 1,000 members of a population who enter or leave a geographic area

5. Net Migration Rate – The annual increase or decrease per 1,000 members of a population resulting from migration into and out of the population

6. Census – Regularly occurring count of a particular population Doubling time - Number of years needed to double the base population size Fig. 16.2 pg. 537 – What generalizations can you make? Using Fig. 16.3 could you have made Fig. 16.2? How? Exponential Growth – Growth in which the amount of increase is added to the base figure each time period Malthus and Positive v. Preventive population checks Create a list of questions for a class census…find the demographic information about our classroom How many times can you fold a sheet of paper? Does a doubling population cause similar strain?

7. Know the Demographic Transition Theory: Fig. 16.4 pg. 540 Zero Population Growth – Situation in which deaths are balanced by births Show world population growth video Replacement level – Birth rate at which a couple replaces itself without adding to the population Population Control – Attempts by gov’t to control birth rates Family planning – The voluntary use of population control methods What difference can one child make?

8. Population Pyramid – A graphic representative of the age and sex composition of a population

9. What are the differences between the two pyramids? What would you guess is happening to their populations?

11. What guesses could be made about the United States during the 20 th Century based on the Population Pyramids? What other countries might share a similar set of pyramids? What happened here?What’s going on here?

12. Urbanization – Process by which an increasingly larger portion of the population lives in cities What are the differences between living in a big city and a small town? What happens when many people move to the largest city in an undeveloped nation? Suburbanization – Loss of population of a city to surrounding areas What is the central-city dilemma and who is most affected by these problems? Gentrification – The development of low-income areas by middle-class homebuyers, landlords, and developers

13. Urban ecology – The study of the relationships between humans and city environments Concentric Zone Theory v. Sector Theory v. Multiple Nuclei Theory v. Peripheral Theory