1. Organic and Biochemistry organic chemistry: -- molecular shape is crucial 3-D structure of salicylic acid 3-D structure of acetylsalicylic acid ( a s p i r i n ) the study of carbon-containing compounds biochemistry: the chemistry of living things

2. Carbon is unique among the elements because: it can have up to four bonds per C atom--  single, double, or triple bonds it can form REALLY long chains of C atoms its bonds are strong –C–C– C=C –C=C–

3. Basic Definitions hydrocarbons: compounds containing only __ and __ alkanes:hydrocarbons having only ______ bonds single -- ALKANES = FUEL –C–C–C– –C– HH HHH H HH HH –C–C–C–C– HHHH HH HHHH HC -- very stable; no rxn w /acids, bases, strong oxidizers --–anes are saturated structural isomers: same molecular formula, different…bonding arrangements

4. alkenes: hydrocarbons having at least one ____ bond C=C alkynes: hydrocarbons having at least one ____ bond C=C H C H H HH H H–C–C=C–C–C–C–H H H HHH HHH CH 2 CHCH 3 CH 3 CC(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 The simplest alkyne, ethyne (i.e., acetylene) – C 2 H 2 – is the fuel in oxyacetylene torches.

5. aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene and compounds w /a benzene-related structure -- –enes, –ynes, and aromatics are __________ unsaturated 6 C atoms in a planar ring w /“tweener” bonds (C 6 H 6 ) August Kekule (1829–1896), who claimed that a dream gave him insight into the structure of benzene.

6. “Finer-Point” Definitions Straight-chain compounds have… a single carbon backbone. Branched-chain compounds have… a main carbon backbone AND one or more branches Substituted compounds have… one or more H atoms removed, with other atoms in their place(s) (often halogens) Br CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 C 8 H 18 C 5 H 11 Br C 5 H 12 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

7. Branches and H-replacing atoms/groups are collectively called… substituents. –C–C–C–C–C–C– H Cl HH H HH H HH Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is a material made of long-chain carbons that have many chloride substituents.

8. Functional group: a characteristic pattern that makes up a portion of a larger m’cule -- specific atoms, specific bonding arrangements -- importance: fgs largely determine the behavior of their m’cules –OH alcohols ketonescarboxylic acids –C– = O = O OH -- several examples of fgs: OO OH –COOH

9. Many organic compounds are combinations of several categories. Cl OH Cl O OH O Br C 6 H 11 Br Br sub. br. + sub. C 10 H 21 Cl fg + sub. C 6 H 13 OCl fg C 6 H 12 O 2 fg + sub. + br. C 9 H 17 OBr

10. Organic Nomenclature Memorize the prefixes that tell the # of C atoms in a chain. 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = 10 = meth– eth– prop– but– pent– hex– hept– oct– non– dec– pent– non– dec– hept–

11. Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes 1. Find the longest continuous chain of C atoms. Choose the appropriate prefix. 2. The name ends with –ane. Provide the counterpart to the given. propane heptane (C 3 H 8 ) (C 7 H 16 )

12. Alkanes: modification for substituent hydrocarbon (HC) groups 1. Number the “longest chain” carbons. Start with the end nearest a branch. 2. Name and give the #ed location of each substituent. -- HC substituent groups use the prefixes, but end in –yl. 3. List substituents in alphabetical order. (i.e., branches)

13. Provide each counterpart. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane octane 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5-ethyl-3-methyl (C 11 H 24 ) (C 9 H 20 )

14. Alkanes: modification for non-HC substituents 1. The “longest chain” MUST contain the substituent. -- example substituents: –NO 2 –NH 2 –F–Br–I nitroaminofluorobromoiodo 2. Number the chain carbons, starting with the end nearest a substituent. -- A non-HC substituent takes precedence over an HC branch. 3. Name and give the #ed location of each substituent. -- If necessary, choose #s so that their sum is as low as possible.

15. Provide each counterpart. 3-bromo-2-chlorohexane heptane 2-methyl-1-nitrobutane heptane 2-amino-6-nitro-3-propyl 2-ethyl-1,1-diiodo I I Cl Br NO 2 NH 2 NO 2

16. Alkanes: modification for cycloalkanes -- Use the cyclo- prefix before the word “alkane.” Provide each counterpart. 1-bromo-1-chloro-2-methylcyclopentane ethyl Br Cl (C 6 H 10 BrCl) (C 8 H 16 ) cyclohexane