1. Foundation year Ch.6 Nouns &Pronouns Dalia Samier ENGL 101

2. Outlines Definition of Noun Different kind of nouns Pronunciation of final s – es Possessive Nouns Singular Possessive Nouns Plural Possessive Nouns Adjective Using adjectives to describe a noun

3. Using nouns as adjectives Different kinds of Pronouns Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns Subject – Verb – Object Prepositions of Time: at, in, on Word order place and time

4. Definition A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural. Intro to Nouns

5. Common noun Proper nouns Plural nouns Singular noun Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Concrete nouns Abstract nouns Different kind of nouns

6. A singular noun names ONE person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

7. EndingRule Add –sMost words will only require adding an s to the end (add –s to words that end in a vowel-y, such as monkeys) Add -esAdd –es to words than end in –s, -x, -ch, -z (double z), and –sh. Some words that end in –o, will also add –es Change –y to –i and add -esFor words that end in a consonant-y, drop the –y and add -ies, such as cities, berries, duties, etc. Change –f or –fe to -vesFor some words that end in –f or – fe…examples include calves, knives, halves, etc. Irregular (word can stay same or change)Stay the same= deer, sheep, moose, etc. Change= children, men, mice, geese Ways to Make a Noun Plural

8. [s] Voiceless sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [s] include: [p], [t], [k], [f] Example weeks bits backs briefs Pronunciation of final s – es

9. [z] Voiced sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [z] include: [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [w], [m], [n], [v], [y] Example webs - beds - bags - bells - jars - doves limbs - fans - delays straws(note the [uw] vowel sound ends in a [w])

10. [ ɪ z] The sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced with an additional syllable [ ɪ z] include: [ch] [sh] [dge] [s] [z] Example wat ch es - bri dge s ju dg es - sli ce s bla z es cla ss es

11. Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership. John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner) Ex: It is John's car. America has some gold reserves. ('America' is the owner) Ex : They are America's gold reserves. It can also express other relationships. Ex: John's mother. - Possessive nouns can be singular or plural. Possessive Nouns

12. For a singular noun that does not end in –s, you will add an ’s -Example: The teacher’s desk was in the front. For a singular noun that ends in –s, you can add ’s, but most sources recommend only adding an apostrophe. -Example: The bus’s tire was flat. The bus’ tire was flat. Singular Possessive Nouns

13. Plural Possessive Nouns For plural nouns that do not end in –s, you add ‘s to make the plural possessive. Ex: The children’s coats were placed in the coat room. Ex: The men’s restroom was located in the back of the restaurant. Ex: The people’s opinions were made known at the protest.

14. - An adjective is a word which describes something. -It can tell you what it –Looks like - Feels like - Smells like –Tastes like - Sounds like They usually answer 2 questions. How many ? What kind ? adjective

15. The boy ran down the street.+( adjective ) The naughty boy ran down the street. I put on my jumper.+( adjective ) I put on my soft colourful jumper. They went in to the pool. +( adjective ) They went in to the deep pool. Using adjectives to describe a noun

16. The "noun as adjective" always comes first a horse race is a race for horses a boat race is a race for boats a love story is a story about love a war story is a story about war a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers Using nouns as adjectives

17. Pronouns take the place of nouns. There are different types of pronoun. 1-A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence : he, she, they, we, I, it, you. Ex: You and I will meet later 2-An object pronoun is used as the direct/indirect object or the object of a preposition : him, her, them, us, me, it, you. Ex: Give the book to me. Pronouns

18. Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownerships. Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's - all words that demonstrate ownership. 1-The smallest cup is yours. 2- His hair is longer than hers. 3- My house is small. 4-Our house is big. Possessive pronouns

19. Possessive pronouns have two forms. One form is used before a noun. The other form is used alone. ours yours theirs mine yours his, hers, its Used alone our your their my your his, her, its Used before nouns PluralSingular

20. A reflexive pronoun refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. 1 - I often ask myself why I left London. 2 - They themselves knew that the prank was in bad taste. 3- The dog bit itself. Reflexive Pronoun

21. Possessive adjectives : Possessive adjectives are determiners or pronouns that modify a noun by attributing possession. – That is my car. – This is your car. – This is her notebook. Possessive pronouns : Possessive pronouns replaces a noun or another pronoun. They are used to make a sentences less repetitive. – That car is mine. – The book is his. Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns

22. Subject – Verb – Object

23. InOnAt Months: in January / in April,Seasons: in spring / in winter, Years: in 1984 / in 2015Centuries: in the 20th century, Times of day: in the morning / in the evening Longer periods of time: in the past / in the 1990s / in the holidays Days of the week: on Monday -Days + parts of days: on Tuesday afternoon / on Saturday mornings Dates: on November 22ndSpecial days: on my birthday / on New Year’s Eve Clock times: at 7.30 a.m. / at 5 o'clock Festivals: at Christmas / at Easter Exceptions: at night / at the weekend On – In – At

24. atinon PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES at 3 o'clockin Mayon Sunday at 10.30amin summeron Tuesdays at noonin the summeron 6 March at dinnertimein 1990on 25 Dec. 2010 at bedtimein the 1990son Christmas Day at sunrisein the next centuryon Independence Day at sunsetin the Ice Ageon my birthday at the momentin the past/futureon New Year's Eve Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

25. ExpressionExample at nightThe stars shine at night. at the weekend*I don't usually work at the weekend. at Christmas*/EasterI stay with my family at Christmas. at the same time We finished the test at the same time. At present He's not home at present. Try later In On in the morningson Saturday mornings in the afternoon(s)on Sunday afternoons in the evening(s)on Monday evening Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions

26. TimeSubjectVerbObjectPlaceTime Ihavebreakfast in the kitchen. Theyplayhandballin the gym every Monday. My friend is swimming in the pool. Every Saturday* PeterwatchesTVat home. Word order place and time

27. Tell if the underlined word in each sentence is a noun. If so, tell if it names a person, place, thing, or idea. The sky was a canvas of blues and whites. My teacher was glad to see me this morning. The team practices every night at 5:00 p.m. How did the glass get broken? The United States was founded in 1776. My friend Janice lives next door to me. The happiness of the group is very important.

28. dayfairy glass knife mouse box beachbrush toy womanperson patch trayschool child fantasyauthor teacher rubygummy shelf Determine the plural form of each noun

29. Tick the right choice Took Jane a test. -A test Jane took. -Jane took a test. -She home drives after work -Home she drives after work. -She drives home afar work -Simon played golf. -Golf Simon played. -Played golf Simon. -Left everyone the party early. -The party everyone left early. -Everyone left the party early.

30. References https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pron ouns.htm https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pron ouns.htm http://www.grammar- monster.com/lessons/adjectives.htm http://www.grammar- monster.com/lessons/adjectives.htm fundamentals of English Grammar for Betty Schrampfer Azarfundamentals of English Grammar for Betty Schrampfer Azar