1. REASONING Deductive reasoning - syllogisms

2. Syllogisms are examples of gaining knowledge by reasoning. Can you discuss in your groups the benefits of gaining knowledge by this way? Reasoning

3. Rationalism Rationalists believe that reason is the most important source of knowledge because it seems to give us some certainty.

4. The curious incident An expensive racehorse has been stolen. A policeman talks to Sherlock Holmes. I’ve been stolen, that’s why I’ve got such a long face!

5. The curious incident Does any aspect of the crime strike you as significant Mr Holmes? Yes constable, the curious incident of the dog in the night.

6. The curious incident The dog did nothing in the night Sir. That is the curious incident!

7. Who stole the horse?

8. Holmes’ reasoning The solution to the crime hinges on the fact that the guard dog did not bark in the night, and from this Holmes deduces that the thief must have been known to the dog. I know him!

9. Holmes’ reasoning Holmes’ reasoning can be laid out as follows Guard dogs bark at strangers The guard dog did not bark at the thief Therefore the thief was not a stranger

10. Deductive and induction reasoning

11. Deductive reasoning

12. Syllogisms Holmes’s reasoning is an example of a syllogism.

13. The Socrates Syllogism All human beings are mortal Socrates is a human being Therefore Socrates is mortal premises conclusion Rationalism – A branch of philosophy which takes reason as the most important source of knowledge

14. Syllogisms contain: Two premises and a conclusion Three terms, each must occur twice (“Socrates”, “human”, “mortal”.) Quantifiers, such as “all”, or “some” or “no” which tell us of the quantity being referred to. “TOK for the IB Diploma”, Richard van de Lagemaat, Cambridge

15. Another example All boys like to fart Chris is a boy Chris likes to fart!

16. Truth and validity An argument is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises. All hippopotamuses eat cockroaches Dave is a hippopotamus Therefore Dave eats cockroaches Both premises and conclusion are false, but the argument is valid. Imagine that some strange planet exists where the premises are true

17. Truth and validity All rats are teachers Mr Jackson is a rat Therefore Mr Jackson is a teacher Both premises are false and conclusion is true! (but the argument is still valid).

18. Deductive reasoning and truth For an argument to be true you must be able to answer “yes” to the following questions: Are the premises true? Is the argument valid?

19. Socrates Socrates is a man All men are mortal Therefore Socrates is mortal The conclusion is only true if the premises are true.

20. Make up your own VALID syllogisms to illustrate each of the following; 1.2 true premises and a true conclusion 2.1 true premise, 1 false premise and a true conclusion 3.1 true premise, 1 false premise and a false conclusion 4.2 false premises and a true conclusion 5.2 false premises and a false conclusion

21. Deciding whether a syllogism is valid Trying to decide if a syllogism is valid is not easy. Venn diagrams can help (at last a good use for Venn diagrams!)

22. Deciding whether a syllogism is valid Some IB students are from Russia All Russians are good at drinking vodka Therefore some IB students are good at drinking vodka Is this a valid argument? Mmmmmm …Vodka! IB students from Oslo International School

23. Using Venn diagrams Some IB students are from Russia IB Students Russians IB Students who are Russian

24. Using Venn diagrams All Russians are good at drinking vodka IB Students Russians Good vodka drinkers

25. Using Venn diagrams Therefore some IB students are good at drinking vodka IB Students Russians Good vodka drinkers

26. Another example All As are Bs All Bs are Cs Therefore all Cs are As

27. Another example All As are Bs A B

28. Another example All Bs are Cs A B C

29. Another example Therefore all Cs are As A B C These Cs are not As The syllogism is not valid

30. Another example! All As are Bs Some As are Cs Therefore some Bs are Cs

31. Another example! All As are Bs A B

32. Another example! Some As are Cs A B C

33. Another example! Therefore some Bs are Cs A B C The syllogism is valid

34. Now your turn Using Venn diagrams in your notebooks, decide whether each of the following arguments is valid or invalid. Also decide if the conclusion is true. Remember that to be true the two premises must be true and the argument must be valid.

35. Valid or invalid All Norwegians eat hotdogs Marek eats hotdogs Therefore Marek is Norwegian

36. Valid or invalid All Year 12 boys are brave Some brave people are compassionate Some Year 12 boys are compassionate

37. Valid or invalid Some physicists are frauds Some frauds are not wealthy Therefore some physicists are not wealthy

38. Valid or invalid All Polish people have dogs No good football players have dogs Therefore no Polish people are good football players

39. Valid or invalid All clever girls are red-headed All red heads are rich Therefore all clever girls are rich