1. Creational Design Patterns

2. Creational DP: Abstracts the instantiation process Helps make a system independent of how objects are created, composed, represented. Two types 1. Class creational Uses inheritance to vary the class to be instantiated 2. Object creational Delegates instantiation to another object

3. Creational Patterns Creational Patterns are important as systems depend more on object composition Creational Patterns Encapsulate concrete classes system uses Hide how instances of these classes are created

4. Example: To build a Maze

5. Maze example interface Site { void enter() ; } class Room implements Site { public Room(int number) { roomNumber = number ; } public Site getSide(int direction) { return sides[direction] ; } public void setSide(int direction, Site m) { sides[direction] = m ; } public void enter() { } private Site[] sides = new Site[4] ; private int roomNumber ; } class Wall implements Site { public Wall() { } public void enter() { } } class Door implements Site { public Door(Room r1, Room r2) { room1 = r1 ; room2 = r2 ; } public void enter() { } private Room room1, room2 ; private boolean isOpen ; }

6. Maze Example class Maze { public static int NORTH = 0 ; public static int SOUTH = 1 ; public static int EAST = 2 ; public static int WEST = 3 ; public Maze() { } public void addRoom(Room r) { rooms.add(r) ; } public Room roomNo(int idx) { return (Room) rooms.get(idx) ; } List rooms = new ArrayList() ; }

7. Maze Example class MazeGame { public Maze createMaze() { Maze maze = new Maze() ; Room room1 = new Room(1) ; Room room2 = new Room(2) ; Door door = new Door(room1,room2) ; maze.addRoom(room1) ; maze.addRoom(room2) ; room1.setSide(Maze.NORTH,new Wall()) ; room1.setSide(Maze.EAST,door) ; room1.setSide(Maze.SOUTH,new Wall()) ; room1.setSide(Maze.WEST,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.NORTH,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.EAST,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.SOUTH,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.WEST,door) ; return maze ; }

8. Factory Method Intent: Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which cass to instantiate. Motivation: Example: Framework of Abstract classes Abstract classes: Document, Application Application has Open, New, etc. to create new documents Application cannot know which concrete document to instant Concrete classes: DrawingDocument, DrawingApplication

9. Complex Constructors class Complex { public static Complex fromCartesian(double real, double imag) { return new Complex(real, imag); } public static Complex fromPolar(double modulus, double angle) { return new Complex(modulus * cos(angle), modulus * sin(angle)); } … Complex c = Complex.fromPolar(1, pi); // fromCartesian(-1, 0)

10. Factory Method Solution CreateDocument() = Factory Method

11. Factory Method Applicability: Use the Factory Method when A class can t anticipate the class of objects it must create A class wants its subclasses to specify the objects it creates

12. Factory Method

13. Factory Method - Participants Product (Document) The interface of objects the Factory Method creates ConcreteProduct (MyDocument) Implements the product interface Creator (Application) Declares the factory method which returns an object of type Product ConcreteCreator (MyApplication) Defines the Factory method to returnn an instance of ConcreteProduct

14. Factory Method Implementation Abstract Creator Class v.s. Concrete Creator Class Parameterized Factory Method Creator can keep the Class Info to instantiate (Can avoid sub classing) To use naming conventions

15. Factory Methods in Maze Example public class MazeGame { Maze newMaze() { return new Maze() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new Room(n) ; } Wall newWall() { return new Wall() ; } Door newDoor(Room r1, Room r2) { return new Door(r1,r2) ; } public Maze createMaze() { Maze maze = newMaze() ; Room room1 = newRoom(1) ; Room room2 = newRoom(2) ; Door door = newDoor(room1,room2) ; ……… return maze ; }

16. Customized Maze Components class BombedWall extends Wall { } class RoomWithABomb extends Room { RoomWithABomb(int n) { super(n) ; } } class BombedMazeGame extends MazeGame { Wall newWall() { return new BombedWall() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new RoomWithABomb(n) ; } }

17. Abstract Factory Intent: Provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes. Motivation: User interface Toolkit supporting multiple look- and- feel standards. (Widgets like Scroll Bars, Windows, Buttons etc.) Not to hard code these widgets for a particular look-and-feel otherwise hard to change it We can define a WidgetFactory interface for creating each basic entity

18. Abstract Factory Example

19. Abstract Factory - Applicability Use Abstract Factory if A system must be independent of how its products are created A system should be configured with one of multiple families of products A family of related objects must be used together You want to reveal only interfaces of a family of products and not their implementations

20. Abstract Factory - Structure

21. Abstract Factory - Participants AbstractFactory (WidgetFactory) Declares an interface of methods to create abstract product objects ConcreteFactory (MotifWidgetFactory, … ) Implements the methods to create concrete product objects AbstractProduct (Window, ScrollBar) Declares an interface for a product type ConcreteProduct (MotifWindow, MotifScrollBar) Defines a product object Implements the AbstractProduct interface Client Uses only interfaces declared by AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct

22. Abstract Factory Implementation Factory better to be a Singleton A new Concrete Factory for each Platform. Or alternatively a single Concrete Factory keeping its Classes of Products. Extending the Factories. (Adding a new Product)

23. Abstract Factory – Maze Example class MazeFactory { Maze newMaze() { return new Maze() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new Room(n) ; } Wall newWall() { return new Wall() ; } Door newDoor(Room r1, Room r2) { return new Door(r1,r2) ; } } public class MazeGame { public Maze createMaze(MazeFactory factory) { Maze maze = factory.newMaze() ; Room room1 = factory.newRoom(1) ; Room room2 = factory.newRoom(2) ; Door door = factory.newDoor(room1,room2) ; ……… return maze ; }

24. Customizing Maze Factory class BombedWall extends Wall { } class RoomWithABomb extends Room { RoomWithABomb(int n) { super(n) ; } } class BombedMazeFactory extends MazeFactory { Wall newWall() { return new BombedWall() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new RoomWithABomb(n) ; } }

25. Singleton Intent: Ensure that a class has only one instance, and provide a global point of access to it. Use Singleton There must be exactly one instance of a class, and it must be accessible to clients from a well known access point. When this instance should be extensible by sub- classing

26. Singleton Define an Instance operation to access its unique instance. It must be a static method. Must create its own unique instance.

27. Singleton - benefits Controlled access to sole instance Reduced namespace May be sub-classed to refine operations Can Permit a variable number of instances More flexible than static methods

28. Singleton – Implementation Ensure a unique instance class Singleton { private static Singleton inst = null ; public static Singleton getInstance() { if (inst==null) inst = new Singleton() ; return inst ; } protected Singleton() { } } Subclassing the singleton class Put instance() method in each subclass

29. Singleton – Maze example class MazeFactory { protected MazeFactory() { } private static MazeFactory inst = null ; public static MazeFactory getInst() { if (inst==null) inst = new MazeFactory() ; return inst ; } Maze newMaze() { return new Maze() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new Room(n) ; } Wall newWall() { return new Wall() ; } Door newDoor(Room r1, Room r2) { return new Door(r1,r2) ; } }

30. Singleton – Maze example public class MazeGame { public Maze createMaze() { Maze maze = MazeFactory.getInst().newMaze() ; Room room1 = MazeFactory.getInst().newRoom(1) ; Room room2 = MazeFactory.getInst().newRoom(2) ; Door door = MazeFactory.getInst().newDoor(room1,room2) ; maze.addRoom(room1) ; maze.addRoom(room2) ; room1.setSide(Maze.NORTH,new Wall()) ; room1.setSide(Maze.EAST,door) ; room1.setSide(Maze.SOUTH,new Wall()) ; room1.setSide(Maze.WEST,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.NORTH,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.EAST,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.SOUTH,new Wall()) ; room2.setSide(Maze.WEST,door) ; return maze ; }

31. Singleton – Alternative Maze Factory class MazeFactory { protected MazeFactory() { } private static final String name = "BOMBED" ; private static MazeFactory inst = null ; public static MazeFactory getInst() { if (inst==null) { if (name.equals("BOMBED")) inst = new BombedMazeFactory() ; else inst = new MazeFactory() ; } return inst ; } Maze newMaze() { return new Maze() ; } Room newRoom(int n) { return new Room(n) ; } Wall newWall() { return new Wall() ; } Door newDoor(Room r1, Room r2) { return new Door(r1,r2) ; } }