1. Management Information System Session 11th Dated: -23-05-2010
BY: - Neeraj Gupta
Figure 1.3 Several subsystems make up this corporate accounting system.

2. Decision Support
Success of an organization largely depends on the quality of decisions made by employees
Computer-based systems can help when:
There are large amounts of information
There is a lot of processing involved
Two types of decision support aids:
Decision support systems (DSSs)
Expert systems (ESs)
Applications today may combine both types
Provide single optimal solution or set of solutions
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3. Decision Support (continued)
Decision support modules today may be part of larger enterprise applications
Are also called business analysis tools or business intelligence applications
Are designed to streamline the decision-making process
Data warehouses and online processing (OLAP) technologies have enhanced the ability to use data for decision making
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4. Decision Support Systems
Decision support system (DSS): a computer-based information system designed to help knowledge workers select one of many alternative solutions to a problem
Advantages of DSSs include:
Help increase market share
Help reduce costs
Help increase profitability
Help enhance product quality
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5. Types of DSS in an Organization
Data Driven DSS: -Data-Driven DSS take the massive amounts of data available through the company's TPS and MIS systems and cull from it useful information which executives can use to make more informed decisions.
These systems include file drawer and management reporting systems, data warehousing and analysis systems, EIS. Business Intelligence Systems are also examples of Data-Driven DSS. Data- Driven DSS emphasize access to and manipulation of large databases of structured data and especially a time-series of internal company data and sometimes external data.
Model-Driven DSS: -Model-Driven DSS, includes systems that use accounting and financial models, representational models, and optimization models.

6. Types of DSS in an Organization
Knowledge Driven DSS: -Knowledge-Driven DSS can suggest or recommend actions to managers. These DSS are personal computer systems with specialized problem-solving expertise. A related concept is Data Mining.
Document-Driven DSS/Knowledge Management System: -Is evolving to help managers retrieve and manage unstructured documents and Web pages. Examples of documents that would be accessed by a Document-Based DSS are policies and procedures, product specifications, catalogs, and corporate historical documents, including minutes of meetings, corporate records, and important correspondence.

7. Types of DSS in an Organization
Communication Driven DSS and Group DSS: -This fifth generic type of Decision Support System includes communication, collaboration and decision support technologies that do not fit within those DSS types identified. A Group DSS is a hybrid Decision Support System that emphasizes both the use of communications and decision models.
Inter-Organizational or Intra-Organizational DSS
Function-Specific or General Purpose DSS

8. Decision Support Systems (continued)
Components of DSS
The user interface
The database
The models and analytical tools and
The DSS architecture and network
Most DSSs consist of three components:
Data management module - assesses the data and provides a means to select data by specified criteria
Model management module – turns data into useful information
Dialog module - part of a DSS that allows user interaction with the program
These components help users:
Enter a request in a convenient manner
Search vast amounts of data
Process the data through desired models
View the results in a desired format
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10. Decision Support Systems in Action
DSSs can be used on demand or integrated into a scheme that enforces corporate policy
DSSs help maintain standard criteria in decision making throughout the organization
Automated decision production is becoming very popular
The only labor required is for data entry
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11. Decision Support Systems in Action (continued)
DSSs are used in many industries:
Food production and retailing: to forecast the number of patrons, the amount of ingredients to purchase, etc.
Agriculture: allows farmers to make decisions about how to control specific pests, and for picking farm locations
Tax planning: tax helper applications such as TurboTax and TaxCut
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12. Decision Support Systems in Action (continued)
DSSs are used in many industries (continued):
Web site planning and adjustment: to analyze shopper behavior, and to design Web sites based on page usage
Yield management: to maximize revenue from airline trips or lodging
Financial services: to determine loan amounts, and to qualify customers based on credit history
Benefits selection: to allow employees to make decisions about their benefits
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13. Examples of DSS Applications

14. Decision Support Systems in Action (continued)
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15. Decision Support Systems in Action (continued)
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16. DSS and MIS

17. Group Decision Support Systems
Group decision support system (GDSS):
Also called a group intelligence system, collaborative system, or simply a group system
Facilitates the contribution of ideas, brainstorming, and choosing promising solutions
Typically allows participants to define a problem, contribute ideas, then vote on the decision
GDSSs help structure the decision-making process while allowing participants to remain anonymous
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18. Elements required for a GDSS
Preplanning
Open, collaborative meeting atmosphere
Evaluation objectivity: Reduces "office politics" and the chance that ideas will be dismissed.
Documentation: Clear communication about what took place and what decisions were made by the group.
Preservation of "organizational memory“-even absent members get to know what happened in a meeting.

19. GDSS and Software tools that can be used
Electronic questionnaires
Electronic brainstorming: Allows all users to participate without fear of reprisal or criticism
Questionnaire tools-Facts available when required
Stakeholder identification: Determines the impact of the group's decision
Group dictionaries: Reduce the problem of different interpretations

21. Goals of GDSS Mitigate the problems of group work
Accentuate the Benefits of group work
Support multiple group processes

22. Limitations of GDSS
Participants have to type in their ideas, comments and criticisms.
With a GDSS your focus is continually drawn to the many different comments and discussions taking place at the same time.
Maintaining a separate meeting room with networked computers can be expensive.
The use of GDSS also requires a trained facilitator – someone who can lead discussions, help users, and control the GDSS software on the network.

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24. Geographic Information Systems
A Geographic Information System (GIS), or geographical information system captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that is linked to location.
Geographic information system (GIS): a decision aid for map-related decisions
Processes location data to aid in decision making
GISs are used to help:
Find shortest paths for deliveries or school bus routes
City planning for police coverage and health care resources
Find oil drilling locations
Locate suitable outdoor recreation sites
Businesses determine locations for service kiosks
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25. Geographic Information Systems (continued)
A DSS that uses geographic databases to construct and display maps and other graphics displays
A typical GIS consists of three components:
A database of quantitative and qualitative data
A database of maps
A program that displays information on maps
Web technology helps promote the use of GISs:
Examples: Google Earth, Mapquest, Yahoo Maps
HTML and XML support the presentation of marked maps
Used to aid sales and government work
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26. Views of GIS
Database View
Map View
Model View

27. Views of GIS

28. Views of GIS

29. Components of GIS
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Method

30. Advantages of GIS Planning of project Make better decisions
Visual Analysis
Improve Organizational Integration

31. Application of GIS
Different streams of planning: Urban planning, housing, transportation planning architectural conservation, urban design, landscape.
Street Network Based Application: It is an addressed matched application, vehicle routing and scheduling: location and site selection and disaster planning.
Natural Resource Based Application: Management and environmental impact analysis of wild and scenic recreational resources, flood plain, wetlands, aquifers, forests, and wildlife.
View Shed Analysis: Hazardous or toxic factories sitting and ground water modelling. Wild life habitat study and migrational route planning.
Land Parcel Based: Zoning, sub-division plans review, land acquisition, environment impact analysis, nature quality management and maintenance etc.
Facilities Management: Can locate underground pipes and cables for maintenance, planning, tracking energy use.

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33. That’s all for Today!