1. Colonialism March 28, 2005

2. Two Kinds “c”olonialism (Guns, Germs, and Steel): –Migration of people into new areas where they replace indigenous populations “C”olonialism –Historical era (1492-1960) when European states conquered and/or dominated the rest of the world

3. Important Questions How has “race” been shaped by both kinds of colonialism? How have ideas of race/ethnicity changed over time? What relationships are there between nationalism, race and ethnicity?

4. Imperialism Earliest states (Egypt, Incas, Greeks, Romans) Expansion to create empires: –Economic gain –Spreading religion –International prestige

5. Prehistoric Imperialism? Why do sophisticated technologies and food production appear in New Guinea but not Australia?

6. Why is China so Chinese? Two distinct language families: –Northern Chinese (Sino-Tibetan): Mandarin, Cantonese and their relatives –Southern Chinese: Miao-Yao (Hmong) Tai-Kadai (Thai, Lao) Austroasiatic (Vietnamese, Cambodian)

7. Austronesia Austronesian language family: (Malay, Indonesian) spreads from Easter Island to Hawaii to Madagascar Agricultural, ocean-going culture originating in SE Asia

8. colonialism and Colonialism Physiological and Cultural differences Religious differences Encoded in formal government bureaucracy.

9. colonialism and Colonialism What do these people have in common?

10. Colonialism Two Phases: –I. Age of Exploration (1492 – 1825) Dominant Powers: Spain, Portugal, Holland Goals: Mercantilism –II. 1825 – 1960s Dominant Powers: England, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium Goals: Land grab, prestige, resources

11. Colonialism Ideology –Social evolution (teleology) –Modernization (progress, technology) –Race –Class –“White Man’s Burden” intervention philosophy

12. Colonialism Two Types Settled: –Located only in temperate climates –N. America, Argentina, S. Africa, E. Australia –Places to send excess population (convicts and religious extremists)

13. Colonialism Two Types: Extractive: –Majority of Colonies –Extracting natural resources for profit –Agricultural products for export Labor intensive agriculture (plantations) “Breakfast and dessert economy”

14. Colonialism Three types of power –Military –Economic –Ideological

15. Colonialism Military Power –Forced conscription –Enslavement –“Gunboat diplomacy”

16. Colonialism Economic Power –“Carrot”: consumer goods (cotton clothing, tobacco, alcohol) –“Stick”: taxation Enforcement: Census, ID Cards, Birth Certificates, Administrators

17. Colonialism Ideological Power –Hegemony (ideological domination) –Education, Missionization –Indirect rule through local elites –Racial politics

18. End of Colonialism Post WWII-1960s Too expensive for colonial powers Restructured international political and economic system –Created monetary institutions like World Bank and IMF –Marshall Plan (Europe) –“Neocolonialism”

19. colonialism and Colonialism What do these people have in common?