1. Best Track Development

2. Outline Current Practice History – the Australian Region Critical changes to TC tracking over decades History – the Southern Hemisphere Conclusions

3. Current Practice Mostly by Severe Weather Sections Reanalysis from ‘scratch’ (usually!) Modified Knaff-Zehr WPR used Focus on TC threshold and peak intensity Comprehensive set of parameters Six-hourly (00, 06, 12, 18UTC) time fixes plus additional (3 to 1-hourly) near coast Report produced in addition to BT data

4. Current Issues Resource constraints: oceanic weak TCs get less than optimum BT approach Varying analyst skill levels, eg. scatterometer interpretation Assigning gale radii in asymmetric systems with temporal variations in structure Consistency of application of definition of TC Monsoon low vs extra-tropical vs hybrid … Determining size parameters & environmental pressure

5. History Best track procedures have changed over time due to Changes in priority placed on TC analysis Changes in staffing arrangements Improved technology Historical database limitations Changing TC interpretations Different WPRs used

6. Before 1908 Knowledge limited to historical records of significant impacts on coastal communities.

7. 1908-1950 Bureau of Meteorology formed in 1908 Cyclone tracks recorded – but only few detected; (good coverage of Queensland coast south of Cairns, very limited elsewhere) Post-event reanalysis not practiced (but some basic reanalysis in a 1981 study) More technology introduced to support WWII operations - acts as springboard to future developments

8. 1950-1965 Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres introduced in the mid 1950s (no specialist staffing). More detailed recording of cyclone tracks (although many non cyclone events recorded)

9. 1965-1978 Evolution of polar satellite imagery Raw analysis and observational data from cyclone events archived Introduction of satellite intensity techniques 1969; 1973 Dvorak TC Tracy (1974) focuses national attention on TCs

10. 1978-1987 Introduction of regular geostationary satellite data: April 1978 Progressive changes in DVORAK analysis techniques Introduction of CYCARD centralised database in 1983 (collation of disparate data sources)

11. 1987-1995 Implementation of dedicated severe weather sections More focused study of Tropical Cyclones Specialised skills at the best track analysis stage Closer focus on Cold cored “Monsoon Lows” & extra-tropical transitions has lead to better analysis Introduction of McIDAS Better radar analysis & display tools Large increase in numbers of Automatic Weather Stations (some offshore)

12. 1995-2009 Improvement in the understanding of some of the limitations of the original DVORAK techniques – particularly rapidly developing systems Evolution of new satellite tools has assisted in the analysis of tropical cyclones esp. microwave and QScat (real-time and post-event) Improved understanding of wind structure and intensity changes (global work) Single WPR (modifeid Knaff-Zehr) introduced 2008/09

13. 2009 New database structure allows for more parameters to be stored Old database was based on 132 character formatted text fields (based on old card technology) New data to be stored on file includes DVORAK data Quadrant wind data (34, 48, 63 kn) Comments field Uncertainty fields

14. Critical changes over time Mid-1950s: founding of TC warning centres, introduction of radar coverage 1957: improved marine data collection through introduction of Port Meteorological Agents

15. Critical changes over time Late 1960s/early 1970s: progressive improvement in satellite data availability 1969: Satellite intensity technique (Oliver) 1973-1983: Dvorak technique introduced 1980-83: Dvorak used in close to its current form 1978: change in definition for ‘hybrid’ systems – only small impact on total numbers but big local impact on high- latitude systems 1984: maximum wind introduced in BT

16. Net impact of changes (relative to current DB) Cyclone numbers: slightly too high 1955-1978 ( but problem largely addressed by work already done ); too low pre-1955, especially outside Queensland Intensity: generally too weak pre-1985 and especially pre-1970

17. Database improvement Review of best track archive commenced. Phase one removal of obvious errors Obvious typographical errors fixed Duplications and omissions fixed Obvious non-TC events removed Phase two (2009/10) Digitisation and checking of satellite data back to 1978 Collation of other data Phase three (2010/12) Reanalysis of the geostationary satellite era ?????

18. Summary - AR 12345 PoorAdequateFairGoodVery Good NNumbers IIntensity 1995 onwardsNew satellite data (microwave and QScat), improved understanding of Dvorak, wind structure etc N 5 I 5 1987 – 1995Dedicated severe weather sections established. Improved data availability and analysis (AWSs, radar analysis etc) N 5 I 4-5 1978 – 1987Geo-stationary era (April 1978). Progressive changes in the Dvorak Technique. N 5 I 4 1965 – 1978Polar satellite imagery available. The Dvorak technique introduced in 1973. N 4 I 2 Prior to 1965Historical records of significant impacts on coastal communities N 1-3 I 1

19. Summary - WSIO 12345 PoorAdequateFairGoodVery Good 1998 onwardsGeo-stationary era (and microwave era5 1993 – 1997RSMC La Reunion started operations in 19934 1982 – 1992the Dvorak Technique applied from 19823 1967 – 1981Beginning of the satellite era in the western SIO in 1967 2 Prior to 1967Historical TC Records start in 18481

20. Summary - ESPO 12345 PoorAdequateFairGoodVery Good 2006 onwards Built on the gains of late 1990s and early 2000s. Greater sharing of information between centres. 4 1998 – 2005 Greater use of Dvorak; better quality satellite imagery with better coverage. Microwave and QScat (late 1990s). More cooperation through RA V TCC. Individual intensities specified. 3 1979 – 1997 Geo-stationary imagery. Dvorak technique was only starting in early 1990s (mainly due to the absence of high resolution satellite data). Maximum intensity estimated but intensities depicted in bands in database. 2 1969 – 1979 Beginning of satellite era. Maximum intensity estimated but intensities depicted in bands in database. 1 Prior to 1969 No record of track data

21. Conclusions Consolidation of historical data from various regions is currently limited by the inhomogeneity of TC observation and analysis practice There is evidently a considerable need for re-analysis of the historical TC data in order to obtain globally homogeneous records, something required to address the important question of how TC activity is changing and its possible relationship to global climate change more generally.

22. Acknowledgements Australian Government Department of Climate Change and NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center for financial support of the project “Climate change and the Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones” Météo-France (La Réunion), the Meteorological Services of Fiji and New Zealand for providing regional TC data Philippe Caroff, Jim Davidson, Steve Ready, Alipate Waqaicelua and Howard Diamond for discussions on quality of regional TC data