1. 6 – 8 Octobre 2004 Sustainable Hydrogen Varsovie

2. VarsovieOctobre 2004 2 Why hydrogen ? Because Greenhouse Effect that warms up the planet with all the subsequent climatic desorders (overheat waves, hurricanes, desertification... Depletion of the fossile fuel reserves and all the political and economic, tension it will induce. It can be a way of stocking electricity from intermittent renewable sources (wind, solar). It can be a substitute for gasoline as a fuel for cars, trucks and plane giving only water on burning in I.C.E. It is a good fuel for fuel-cells generating heat and electrictricity. 1 2 3 4 5

3. VarsovieOctobre 2004 3 Production of hydrogen To avoid Greenhouse Effect and to spare fossile fuels reserves we will try to produce hydrogen from water or from biomass using none CO 2 producing source of energy : Nuclear heat and electricity, Photovoltaic or wind mills electricity, Geothermal heat. This can be done by : Electrolysis of water at low or high temperature, Thermochemical cycles resulting in dissociating water, Biomass gasification.

4. VarsovieOctobre 2004 4 Sustainable Hydrogen CO + H 2 Syngas Fisher Tropsh Synthesis Biofue l Electrolysis Thermo Cycle ICE Water Renewable Energies Transport Storage Fuel Cell H2H2 e- H2H2  Thermolysis e-  Nuclear Reactor Fission/Fusion Biomass LIGNOCELLULOSIS C6H8O4C6H8O4 

5. VarsovieOctobre 2004 5 Very high temperature Reactor VHTR VHTR Steering Committee VHTR Steering Committee U.S.A. France Japan South Africa UnitedKingdom South Korea Switzerl and Euratomcountrie VHTR Goals ► Passive Safety 600 MWth – T He  1000 °C – Thermal neutrons ► Hydrogen production 200 Mt/day H2 (   50 %), # 300,000 gallons of gasoline per day Water splitting with thermo-chemical cycle or High Temperature Electrolysis ► Deployment in 2030 – 35 (NGNP by 2017)