1. Plants

2. What are the characteristics of plants? Eukaryotic Many-celled Do not move Make their own food through the process of photosynthesis

3. What is the pigment that plants have to help them make food? Chlorophyll, which is found in the chloroplasts

4. What is the part of the cell that animals do not have to give the cell structure? The cell wall

5. Where do most plants live? Most live on land but some live close to or in the water. They can grow in just about every climate

6. Where did plants originally come from? Their ancestors are believed to be plant-like protists. They came from the sea.

7. Do we have a fossil record of all the plants in history? Why or why not? Not a lot because plants usually decay before they can be fossilized There are some imprints of leaves though and some fossils of plants that did not have leaves.

8. What adaptations do plants have to help them survive on land? Cell walls made of cellulose A cuticle to keep water in Reproduce out of water Taller to get more sunlight Roots to help them stay in the ground and get water

9. What is cellulose? Organic compound made of long chains of sugar molecules Makes up the cell wall

10. What is a cuticle? Waxy, protective layer on stems and leaves to help hold in water.

11. What are the advantages that plants have if they live on land? More direct sunlight More available carbon dioxide Stems and roots to help get water and nutrients into the plant and wastes out of the plant

12. What are vascular plants? Plants that have vascular tissue

13. What is vascular tissue? Vascular tissue is used to move water and nutrients to all parts of the plant and take wastes from all the parts of the plant back to the roots.

14. What are nonvascular plants? Plants that do not have vascular tissue.

15. How do they get water? Through the process of osmosis They are close to the ground so that they can absorb the water.

16. How do we divide seeded vascular plants? Angiosperms Gymnosperms

18. What is a seed for? To help with reproduction To create more plants

19. What does a seed look like inside?

20. What are gymnosperms? Vascular plants that produce seeds on the scales of female cones.

21. What are some examples of gymnosperms?

22. How are gymnosperm’s seeds protected? They are in the cones. They are released when they are matured and fertilized.

23. Do gymnosperms produce flowers? No they produced cones instead.

24. What kind of leaves do gymnosperms have? They have needle-like or scale-like leaves.

25. Are there one or two kinds of cones? There are female cones and male cones.

26. What are the uses of gymnosperms? Used to build houses Used as decoration Animals use them for homes and protection

27. Monocot: Seeds have only one cotyledon. Leaves have parallel veins.

28. Dicot: Seeds have two cotyledon. Leaves have branching veins.

29. Roots Xylem: made up of tubular vessels that transport water and minerals up from the roots to the plant. Phloem: made up of tubular cells the move food from the leaves and stems to other parts of the plant for use and storage.

30. Functions of roots To hold plants in the ground Take in water and minerals from the soil Store food Some absorb oxygen

31. Structures

32. Types of roots There are ones the lay above ground like a spider web There are others the go straight down Examples would be carrots and beets.

33. Stems Xylem Phloem

34. Functions Support the plant Allow movement of materials between the roots and the leaves Some store food Some carry out photosynthesis

35. Structures

36. Types of stems Fleshy: stems the belong to flowers, vegetables and many others Some vegetables are stems (potatoes and onions) Woody stems: the stems of trees

38. Leaves Used for photosynthesis Are big so that they can trap light.

39. Structure

40. Adaptations Cuticle: waxy layer that protects the plant from losing water. Stomata: small pores in the leaf surface that allow carbon dioxide, water and oxygen into and out of the leaf. Guard cell: open and close the stomata

42. Flowers Functions:Attract insect and other animals for pollination. Sepal: used to protect the bud of the flower. They wrap around the bud before the flower opens. Petal: brightly colored to attract pollinators

44. Stamen Male reproductive part of the flower Made up of the filaments, anther and pollen Filaments hold the anthers up high Anthers hold the pollen Pollen grains hold the sperm

46. Pistil Female reproductive part of the plant Made of the stigma, style, ovary and ovules Stigma (sticky stigma): catches pollen grains. Style: holds the stigma up and acts as a pathway for the sperm Ovary: swollen base of the pistil where the ovules are formed. Becomes the fruit. Ovules: Where eggs are produced. These become the seeds in fruit.

48. Angiosperm Reproduction: Flowers help angiosperms reproduce. Some depend on wind for reproduction and some have colors that attract animals. Bees are an example of an animal that carries pollen from flower to flower.

49. Some angiosperms do not have flowers. Instead they have fruit. Fruit holds and protects seeds. Some fruits have structures that help the wind carry them a short or a long distance.

50. Other fruits attract animals that eat fruits. The animals discard the seeds away from the plant. Burrs stick to the fur of animals to be carried from place to place.

51. Importance of Angiosperms: Flowering angiosperms give land animals the food they need to survive. Humans use flowering plants as well. Some examples are food, Oxygen, and pesticides. Trees are used for building materials. Cotton is used to make clothing. They can also be used to make medicines, rubber and perfume oils.

52. Where is sperm produced? In the pollen grains on the anther of the flower in angiosperms. In Gymnosperms, it is in the pollen grains, in the male cones.

53. Where are eggs produced? In the ovules, inside of the ovary in angiosperms In gymnosperms, they are found on female cones.

54. How does pollen get the stigma? Wind Pollinators People

55. How does sperm get to the ovules with the eggs inside? The pollen lands on the stigma A pollen tube forms through the style into the ovary The sperm travels down the pollen tube into the ovary The sperm finds an ovule and fertilizes the egg inside of it.

56. What is Pollination? The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma

57. What does the zygote become in the seed? Embryo

58. How do seeds get from the flower to the ground? Wind Animals eating and discarding them Water Sticking to animals

59. What are some examples of dry fruits? Pecans Walnuts

60. What is germination? Development of a seed into a new plant

61. What is the endosperm used for? Food storing part of the seed. It gives the energy that monocots need to grow. The energy can be so great, it can split rock so that the plant can grow through.

62. What happens to the cotyledon when it is not needed anymore? It either stays in the ground (in monocots) or It shrivels up and falls off

63. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. Plants do this through capturing energy from light. This energy that they capture is used to make sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water.

64. What part of the plant captures sunlight? Plants have specialized organelles in their cells called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have membranes inside of them called thylakoid. This membrane forms stacks and contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment absorbs light.

65. How do plants make food for themselves? Photosynthesis is a very complicated process. The light energy that the plant takes in helps in the formation of food, also known as glucose. The plant also takes in carbon dioxide to help with the production of glucose.

66. Here is a simple equation that will help you learn how photosynthesis works: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy  6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

67. As you can see, water is also used in the production of glucose. The other end product is oxygen, which is what you and I breathe in every day.

68. The opposite of Photosynthesis is cell respiration. In this process, the plant needs energy and uses the glucose that it has produced in photosynthesis to get this energy. Oxygen, instead of carbon dioxide is also used for the plant to get energy.

69. Here is the equation for cellular respiration that will help you remember what is used is what is produced: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy

70. The surfaces of above ground plants are covered with a waxy cuticle. So how does carbon dioxide enter the cells of the plant?

71. Carbon dioxide enters a plant through a structure called a stoma. It is an opening in the leaf’s cuticle. There is a guard cell on either side of the stoma, which open and close the stoma. When the stoma is open, carbon dioxide is free to move into leaf. oxygen exits the leaf at the same time, along with water vapor. This loss of water is called transpiration.

72. Importance of Photosynthesis!!  Plants form the base of every food chain. Any energy that the plants takes in from the sun it stores in itself and when plants get eaten they pass on this chemical energy  Photosynthesis creates the oxygen that we need for cellular respiration.

73. Plant Responses So just like animals respond to a stimulus, so do plants. Plants respond to light. When you see a plant leaning towards a window, it is responding to the light that is shining through the window. Plants also respond to the stimulus of gravity. The roots grow down in response to the gravity. Plants also respond to the change in the length of the day. This is called photoperiodism. It is the flowering response to the change in the length of light and dark in a day.

74. Plants also respond to the change in weather. You see this mostly in trees. The leaves change color and fall off in the Fall. They do this because during the winter there is a lack of energy from sunlight so they cannot perform photosynthesis as much.