1. Anatomy of Plants Chapter 4

2. Prokaryotes No membrane enclosed organelles Considered primitive Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae

3. Eukaryotes Organelles bound with membranes Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles etc. Examples: plant & animal

4. Cell Walls Made of hemicellulose Protects the organelles Give structure and support Secondary cell walls are made up of cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins

5. Plasma Membrane The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Selective absorption

6. Protoplast Refers to the inside of the cell Cytoplasm: –The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane –Made up of proteins –Suspends the organelles

7. Organelles Internal structures within the protoplast

8. Chloroplasts Responsible for photosynthesis Contains pigments, chlorophyll Solar energy is harvested Made up of flattened discs called grana Double membranes plastids

10. Mitochondria The manufacturing plant Site of respiration Involved in producing ATP, using oxygen Double membrane surrounding it Are capable of manufacturing their own proteins.

12. Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains chromosomal DNA Double membrane which is porous to allow material to pass in and out of the nucleus

14. Vacuoles 90% in mature cells Storage devices Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste

15. Vacuoles 90% in mature cells Storage devices Water, Salts and toxic waste

16. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Site of protein synthesis Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not have ribosomes or very few. Proteins produced by ribosomes are passed through the ER membrane into the ER lumen, where they are sealed in vesicles for transport to the cell organelles.

18. Ribosomes Decodes DNA Contains RNA

20. Golgi Apparatus (Body) Membrane bound Packages energy(proteins, carbohydrates, & hormones.) Delivers packaged energy to different parts of the cell

21. Golgi Body

22. Tissues Meristems –Apical – cell division –Subapical – flower structures –Intercalary – zones of maturation in monocots –Lateral/cambial – form connective tissue, bark(cork), xylem, phloem

23. Permanent Tissue Epidermis – single layer of exterior cells Parenchyma – thin cell walls & large vacuoles. –Collenchyma, support function –Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty cell like in pears

24. Complex Permanent Tissue Xylem -water Phloem – sugars, proteins, hormones, dissolved minerals, and salts

25. Structure of Primary Root

26. Structure of Primary Stem

27. Structure of leaves

28. Cell Division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

30. Sexual Propagation Mitosis Meiosis DNA Chromosome Gene Diploid Haploid Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype

31. Genetic Concepts in Plant Improvement Chromosomes Diploid 2n Haploid 1n Alfalfa-32, Barley- 14, Corn-20, Sugar Beets-18 Consists of DNA Changes in cell division

33. A = Adenine, T = Thymine, G = Guanine, C = Cytosine

39. Summary Mitosis: is seen in cell growth Increases plant size Contains two sets of homologous chromosomes 2N Meiosis: is seen in fertilization Referred to as reduction division The gametes one set of chromosomes 1N