2. Objective 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

3. Leaves-External Petiole-Leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-The large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-The large center vein Veins-The structural framework of the leaf Margin-The edge of the leaf Apex – Leaf Tip

4. Leaves-External

5. Leaves-Internal Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration Guard Cells-open and close stomates

6. Leaves-Internal Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll –gives leaves their green color –necessary for photosynthesis

7. Leaves-Internal

9. Leaves-Functions Photosynthesis –process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food Respiration –converts sugars and starches into energy Transpiration –release of water vapor from the leaves of plants –It also cools the plant

10. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

11. Sessile describes leaves without a petiole –Example zinnia Bracts are modified leaves –Example poinsettia Needles and scales are modified leaves –Example pine tree Leaves-Additional Terms

13. Leaves-Additions Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non- hairy feel –Example southern magnolia Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel –Example African violet

14. Stems-External Lenticels-breathing pores found on stems and branches Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem Axillary bud- bud located at the leaf axil Lateral bud- bud on side of stem

15. Stems-External

17. Stems-Internal Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots

18. Stems-Internal

19. Phloem Xylem

20. Stems-Internal Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells Bark-old inactive phloem Heartwood-old inactive xylem Sapwood-new active xylem

21. Stems-Internal

22. Cambium Heartwood Sapwood Bark

23. Stems-Internal Monocots-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle. Produce one seed leaf. –examples: corn, grasses Dicots-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium. Produce two seed leaves –example: trees, many vegetable plants

24. Stems-Internal MonocotDicot

25. Stems-Internal

26. Stems-Functions Translocation- the movement of water and minerals through the plant Phloem moves food down from leaves to roots Xylem moves water and nutrients up from roots to leaves Stems provide support for the branches of the plant

27. Roots-External Root cap- located at the tip of the root and is where new cells are produced Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

28. Roots-Internal Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

29. Types of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots –are easier to transplant Tap-long root with few branched ones –more difficult to transplant

30. Functions of Roots Anchorage Absorption Asexual reproduction (propagation) Storage

31. Flowers Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

32. Flowers

33. Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

34. Parts of the Pistil Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

35. Parts of the Pistil Stigma Style Ovary

36. Functions of Flowers Attracts insects for pollination Produces seeds for sexual reproduction Produces fruit to nourish and protect the seed

37. Additional Flower and Fruit Terms Complete flower- has both male and female parts Incomplete flower- has only male or female parts

38. Additional Flower and Fruit Terms Fertilization – when pollen travels down the style, joining the sperm and the ovule Pollination – transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma Cross-pollination – transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant Self-pollination – transfer of the pollen to the stigma of a flower on the same plant

39. Additional Flower and Fruit Terms Corolla – all auxiliary parts of the flower not including reproductive organs –Collective term for all petals of a flower Calyx – external, usually green or leafy part of a flower –Collective term for all sepals of a flower Receptacle – enlarged tip of stem on which a flower is borne Fruit serves as protection for seeds Function of fruit is to help with seed dispersal

40. REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS!

41. What are the functions of these plant parts?

42. Functions of Leaves Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen

43. Functions of Stems Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds

44. Functions of Roots Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem Anchor the plant and hold it upright Store food for plant use Asexual reproduction in some plants

45. Functions of Flowers Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.) Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds