1. FIGHTING CORRUPTION Afternoon, Tuesday 23 November

2. Corruption: consequences  Makes projects more expensive or lowers quality  Favours bad projects over good ones  Reduces availability of domestic investment funds and their multipliers effects  Transfers wealth from poor to rich  Diverts consumption from essential local to luxury imported products

3. Corruption: forms of corruption  Main forms of corruption in construction  Bribery  Extortion  Fraud  Rigged bidding  Money-laundering  Ilegitimate political pressure

4. Corruption: how it occurs (1)  Selection of roads is influenced by bribery or political pressure  Planning permission obtained through bribery  Inappropriate design and construction methods approved  Shortlist selection (contractor/ consultant) manipulated  Contractors collude during bidding

5. Corruption: how it occurs (2)  Tender process shortcircuited by bribery  Poor quality work or sub-standard materials approved  Inflated contract claims approved during execution  Legitimate contractor claims refused unless bribed

6. Corruption: reasons: international level  Lack of cooperation among governments  Financing agencies inadequately committed to reducing it  Poor coordination between donors and professional associations  Faulty procedures for identifying and sanctioning firms

7. Corruption: causes (national level)  Culture of corruption embedded or effective policies lacking  Employees too badly paid or easily coerced to stay quiet  Corrupt contractors or consultants rarely prosecuted  Information on corruption not diffused  Lack of national road data to evaluate project choices or costing

8. Corruption: causes (project level)  Lack of transparency about who project stakeholders are  Employees too vulnerable to risk opposing or whistle-blowing  Road project complexity provides opportunities for corruption and makes detection difficult  Lack of procedures to monitor and detect corruption

11. Corruption: references  Corruption Corruption  Types of coruption Types of coruption  Forms of corruption in roadworks Forms of corruption in roadworks  Reasons for corruption Reasons for corruption  Preventing corruption Preventing corruption  General reference General reference