1. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 Community Pathways CIC Gaining Access Gaining Trust

2. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 Research Framework Paradigm? A paradigm is a world view, a general perspective, a way of breaking down the complexity of the real world. -

3. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 Flat Earth Paradigm THE EARTH

4. Research Paradigm Researchers work in a variety of economic, cultural, legal and political settings Each of these influences the emphasis and focus of the research Topics are influenced by what is considered to be important Registered in England and Wales 7088008

5. Research Ethics What do we mean by ethics? Good ethical practice linked to human rights and data protection

6. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 CP CIC Code of Ethics 1.Obligation to Society Research should benefit society and the groups and individuals within it Researchers must conduct their work responsibly and within the moral and legal order of their society

7. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 CP CIC Code of Ethics 2. Obligation to Funders and Employers The relationship with the employer or funder should not compromise a commitment to morality and to the law

8. Registered in England and Wales 7088008 CP CIC Code of Ethics 3. Obligation to Colleagues Research depends upon maintaining standards and appropriate professional behaviour. It requires a concern for the safety and security of colleagues

9. CP CIC Code of Ethics 4. Obligation to people being researched Research must protect people from undue harm arising from their participation in the research. This means participation should be voluntary and as fully informed as possible. All answers must be kept confidential. NO group should be disadvantaged by routinely being excluded from consideration. Registered in England and Wales 7088008

10. Definition of Confidentiality What is confidentiality? Within professional ethics its means keeping information given by or about an individual in the course of research secure and secret from others. Registered in England and Wales 7088008

11. Confidentiality A LEGAL BREACH There is a sticky area when it comes to confidentiality. If a participant in a research event or a study falls into any of the below categories than the researcher is legally compelled to report the participant. Risk of bodily harm - if there is a potential that a violent act will occur against someone else or the participant at his/her own hand. Cases of child abuse - sexual misconduct with a child, or there is imminent danger to a child that has been disclosed. Terrorism - there is a terrorist act or plan in place that the participant has disclosed. There is a eminent threat to public health. There is some ethical concern by being required to report someone in any of the categories above. Let us look at these few examples to review the ethical quandary. Registered in England and Wales 7088008

12. Confidentiality AIDS patients have been asked to participate in a study to gauge sexual habits since being diagnosed. 60% of the participants report that they have adjusted their sexual habits to include safe sex practices or abstinence, but 40% report that they still sometimes do not practice safe sex. Should they be reported? They are a definite threat to public health, but the study depends on honest answers, once that confidentiality has been breached it certainly will sour future participants from being honest. How can we ever gauge the effectiveness of programs and education within certain communities if participants have to fear potential criminal charges? Registered in England and Wales 7088008