1. Succession in Ecosystems
SOL BIO 9c

2. What do you mean by environment?
The environment is made up of two factors:
Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
When I say environment you think what—weather. Well Ok but it it much more than that

3. Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in a community (job)
Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address)
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

4. Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor.
Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

5. Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors- Amount of water
Amount of food
Temperature
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

6. Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Cleaning shrimp

7. Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism-
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called aerophyte, air plant.

8. Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism-
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria
You can see here that this polar bear is no longer white.

9. Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism-
one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)
Parasite-Host relationship

10. Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks,tapeworm

11. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism-
beneficial to both species
Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests

12. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism-
beneficial to both species
Ex. lichen
The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests

14. = 1 species Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species

15. Succession-
a series of changes in a community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones

16. Primary succession-
colonization of new sites by communities of organisms – takes place on bare rock

17. Primary succession- New bare rock comes from 2 sources:
1. volcanic lava flow cools and forms rock

18. Primary succession- New bare rock comes from 2 sources:
2. Glaciers retreat and expose rock

19. Pioneer organisms- the first organisms to colonize a new site
Ex: lichens are the first to colonize lava rocks

20. Primary Succession-
Rock

21. Climax community-
a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession

22. Climax community-
Ex: In most of Virginia, the climax community would be a deciduous oak–hickory forest
                                                                                                                                

23. Primary succession-

24. Secondary succession-
sequence of community changes that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disaster or human actions – takes place on existing soil

25. Secondary succession-
Ex:
A fire levels portions of a forest

26. Secondary succession-
Ex:
A farmer plows his field

27. Secondary succession-

28. Secondary succession-

29. Pond Succession

30. Pond Succession

31. Land Biomes
Biome- geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems

32. Land Biomes The 6 most common biomes are: Tundra Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
Grassland
Desert

33. Land Biomes

34. Water Biomes The limiting factors in water biomes are:
Amount of salt (salinity)
Amount of dissolved oxygen
Sunlight

35. 2 Types of Water Biomes Freshwater Saltwater Rivers and Streams
Lakes and Ponds
Saltwater
Ocean
Estuaries
Seashores (tidal areas)