1. CELLS
Topic 1 Biology 2012

2. What are living things made of?
Living things are made up of cells
Cells are the building blocks of life
They come in all shapes and sizes.
Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are called uni-cellular.
Others are made up of lots of cells and are called multi- cellular.
Cells work together and carry out the seven life processes that are needed for an organism to stay alive.

3. Seven life processes aka Characteristics of Living Things All living things do the following
Watch the You tube clip to identify the 7 characteristics of living things

4. Seven life processes aka Characteristics of Living Things
Seven life processes aka Characteristics of Living Things All living things do the following;
Not musically inclined, try this useful pneumonic.

5. The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic LIVING unit of organization for all organisms. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

6. Cells ~ Basic building blocks
There are 2 main types of cells;
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Eukaryotic cells are complex
Prokaryotic cells are more basic

7. Prokaryotic Cells Are extremely small Have simple internal structure
No membrane-bound organelles
No membrane-bound nucleus
Kingdoms they belong to are;
Monera (bacteria)
Archaea

8. Generalised Prokaryotic cell

9. Eukaryotic Cells Can be single celled organisms
Can be Multicellular organisms
Have a complex internal structure
Have membrane-bound organelles
Have a membrane-bound nucleus
Kingdoms they belong to are;
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Fungi

10. Generalised eukaryotic cell
Animal cell
Plant cell

11. Cell Size + Specialisation
Cell specialisation refers to cells that have taken on special features to enable them to carry out their task.
This is critical for multicellular organisms.
Size is an important factor in the functioning of cells
The cell must be able to efficiently remove wastes and obtain its requirements.
The rate of outward movement of wastes and inward movement of requirements will influence the size to which the cell will grow.

12. Cell Size Cells are measured in: Microns  μm = 10-6 of a metre
Nanometres  nm = 10-9 of a metre

13. Plants + animal Cells plant cell animal cell nucleus cytoplasm
Animal and plant cells come in different shapes
and sizes, but they all have three basic features or
parts known as organelles
plant cell
animal cell
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
Plant cells also have some extra features that make them different to animal cells.

14. Organelles: Taking on Different Jobs
Boundary – plasma membrane
Power Supply – mitochondria
Building Cell Structures – ribosomes
Supporting Cell Structures – cytoskeleton
Transport with the Cell – endoplasmic reticulum
Packaging & Distribution – golgi apparatus
Recycling & Reuse – lysosomes
Moving in & out – endocytosis & exocytosis
Coordinating cell activities – nucleus

15. Specialised structures in plants
Chloroplasts – needed for photosynthesis (contain chlorophyll)
Vacuoles (organelles) – for storage of sugars, minerals, proteins & water. They are much bigger in plants than in animals. Can you think of why this might be?

16. Cell Movement
Cells need to be able to move around in order to meet their requirements for survival or to perform a specific function.
ACTIVE MOVEMENT
Cells can move due to specialised structures such as FLAGELLA & CILIA
PASSIVE MOVEMENT
Cells move about because the medium in which they are located moves them. For example; blood moves RBC’s

17. Flagella
Cilia

18. How is the body organized?
A school is made up of an organized system.
Individual pupil
Registration group
Subject class
Year group
School

19. Structure of organisms
Similarly to the school, the structure of multicellular organisms is based around the following ‘levels’ of organisation:
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
WHOLE ORGANISM
Ultimately, the survival ability of each organism depends upon the functioning of all its individual cells.