1. Network techniques for Project Management
Meaning of Project & PM
Basic Network techniques

2. Introduction to Project Management
A temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service (PMI, 2004, P.5)
Variety and unique in nature
Mainly used for large R& D activities
Project management mainly developed by military

3. Two basic Network techniques
PERT an acronym for Program Evaluation Review Technique
Originally developed to facilitate the planning and scheduling the Polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile project of US
PERT is Probabilistic
CPM an acronym for Critical Path Method
developed in 1957 by the DuPont company in US to solve scheduling problems in industrial setting.
CPM is concerned with the trade off between cost and time.

4. Definitions used in PERT CPM
Activity: A time consuming task. An effort that require resources and take a certain time for completion i.e. designing a part, connecting a bridge girder
Event: A milestone. Is a specific point in time indicating beginning or ending of one or more activities. Does not consume time or resources.

5. Rules for Network Construction
Each activity must have a preceding and a succeeding event
Each event should have a distinct number
There should be no loops in project network
Each activity is represented by a uniquely numbered arrow.

6. Example of PERT Activity Optimistic Most likely Pessimistic
Te=ta+4tm+tb/6
Variance
V=(b-a)/6
1-2 9 12 21 13 2
1-3 6 18
2-4 1
1.5 5
3-4 4
8.5 10 8
2-5 14 24 15
2.33
4-5 3
0.33
Draw the network diagram
Determine critical path
Calculate event slack and activity float
Find the standard deviation of CP duration
Compute the probability of completing the project in 25 weeks

7. PERT Analysis Uses 3 time estimates for each activity
Optimistic time (a)
Pessimistic time (b)
Most likely time (m)
These estimates are used to calculate an expected value and variance for each activity (based on the Beta distribution)

8. PERT Analysis Expected activity time (t) t = (a + 4m + b) 6
Variance = [ (b – a) / 6 ]2
Standard deviation = SQRT(variance)
= (b – a)

9. Project Variance and STD Deviation
Project variance (σp2)
= ∑ (variances of all critical path activities)
σp2 =
= 3.11
Project standard deviation (σp)
= SQRT (Project variance)
σp = SQRT ( 3.11) = 1.76

10. PERT Analysis Z = (Target time – expected time) σp
1.76
This means 16 weeks is 0.57 standard deviations above the mean of 15 weeks.

11. 2 7 10 6 5 4 1 10 3 7 7 2 5 5 8 4 5

12. CPM Cost -Time Relationship Expediting projects
Expediting activities requires additional resources, which means increasing the cost of the project.
Slope gives us the cost increase associated with a reduction of one unit of the activity duration
Slope =Cc-Cn/Tn-Tc

13. Example 1 Find the all normal schedule and cost
Find the all-crash schedule and cost
Find the least cost plan for all crash time schedule
Find the least cost plan for an intermediate time schedule of 22 weeks.
Activity
Normal
Crash
Cost Slope
Cc-Nc/Tn-Tc
week
Cost
Week A
0-1 5
100 4
140 40 B
0-2 9
200 7
300 50 C
1-2
250
340 30 D
1-3
280 E
2-4 2
460 70 F
2-5 11
400
720 80 G
3-5 6
420 60 I
4-5 8

14. CPM Contd..all normal solution
is the critical path
Duration= =25 weeks.
Cost=1860 D9 3 1 G6 H0 A5 C7 4 E5 I8 5 2 B9
F11

15. CPM Contd.. All crash solution
is the critical path
Duration is 17 days
Cost=2860 D7 3 1 H0 G4 A4 C4 4 I6 E2 5 B7 F7 2

16. Find the minimum cost for the Crash time
is the critical path
Duration is 17 days
Cost=2860 D7 3 1 H0 G4 A4 C4 4 I6 E2 5 B7 F7 2

17. Find the minimum cost for the Crash time
Step 1- Get the non critical activities with their slope
Step-2 Select the activity which has largest slope & expand as much as possible to achieve as a large a cost reduction is possible
Step-3 Expand the next largest activity slope and continue until all path become critical.
D 7 3 1
H 0
G 4
A 4
C 4 4
I 6
E 2 5
B 7
F 7 2

18. Find the minimum cost for the Crash time
Step 1- Get the non critical activities with their slope =B-50 C-30,E-70,G-60,F-80
Step-2 Select the activity which has largest slope & expand as much as possible to achieve as a large a cost reduction is possible= Select F for 2 days expansion cost 160
Step-3 Expand the next largest activity slope and continue until all path become critical.=E one day is possible at$70 in similar manner G by 2 days cost 120 finally activity B can be expanded by one day “ $50 saving.
So total cost savings are : =400.Thus the revised cost for 17 days are =$2460 D7 3 1 H0 G4 A4 C4 4 I6 E2 5 B7 F7 2

19. Determine the least cost plan for any desired number of days ie Least cost plan for 22 days
First step is to list all critical activities and their slope
The activity with the least slope will be compressed first, because decreasing the project time by one day will result in smallest increase in cost.in this case activity C & I can be selected, arbitrarily C is selected but how many days -the most is up to is crash time 4 days here. However such a reduction may create one or more additional critical path. The minute an additional CP is created, the compression should be stopped. Thus here C is reduced from 7 days to 4 days at a cost of 90.So the least cost plan for 22 days is =1950
Critical activities
Activities by events
Slope A
0-1 40 C
1-2 30 E
2-4 70 I
4-5

20. Example2
The following data were obtained from a study of the time required to overhaul a small power plant.
Find the all normal schedule and cost
Find the all-crash schedule and cost
Find the least cost plan for all crash time schedule
Find the least cost plan for an intermediate time schedule of 17 weeks.
Activity
Crash Schedule
Normal Schedule
Week
cost
1-2 3 6 5 4
1-3 1
2-4 7 10
3-4 2
2-6
4-6 9 11
4-5
6-7
5-7

21. Example2
Activity
Crash Schedule
Normal
1-2 3 6 5 4
1-3 1
2-4 7 10
3-4 2
2-6
4-6 9 11
4-5
6-7
5-7
The following data were obtained from a study of the time required to overhaul a small power plant.
Find the all normal schedule and cost =16 , =31, =25, =28, =22 and cost= =16
Find the least cost plan for all crash time schedule
Find the least cost plan for an intermediate time schedule of 17 weeks. 6 6 2 5 5 11 1 10 4 7 6 4 5 3 5 7

22. Example2
The following data were obtained from a study of the time required to overhaul a small power plant.
Find the all crash schedule and cost =6 , =14, =13, =9, =8 and cost= = 26
Find the least cost plan for all crash time schedule
Find the least cost plan for an intermediate time schedule of 17 weeks.
Activity
Crash Schedule
Normal
1-2 3 6 5 4
1-3 1
2-4 7 10
3-4 2
2-6
4-6 9 11
4-5
6-7
5-7 6 2 2 1 3 5 1 5 4 7 4 1 1 3 5 2

23. Example2
Activity
Crash Schedule
Normal Schedule
Slope
Cc-nc/nt-ct
1-2 3 6 5 4 1
1-3
0.5
2-4 7 10
0.6
3-4 2
0.4
2-6
4-6 9 11
4-5
1.5
6-7
5-7
The following data were obtained from a study of the time required to overhaul a small power plant.
Find the least cost plan for all crash time schedule.
Find the least cost plan for an intermediate time schedule of 17 weeks. 6 6 2 5 5 11 1 10 4 7 6 4 5 3 5 7

24. Project Management Framework

25. P

26. Project Management Framework

27. Project Management Framework

28. Project Management Framework

29. Project Management Framework

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31. Project Management Framework