1. 1 POS MV Vertical Positioning March 2004

2. 2 Where we fit in! “Other sensors (notably modern heave-pitch-roll sensors) can contribute to achieving such 3-D georeferencing accuracies, but non-periodic and very low frequency vertical transducer motions, such as due to tides, squat, long-period heave, and other dynamic draft effects, are adequately measured only by RTK GPS 1.” 1 Proposal for “ Hydrography Research for Marine Vertical Positioning and Seabed Classification”, Dr. Stephan D. Howden and Dr. Denis A. Wiesenburg.

3. 3 Topics 1.Positioning 2.Real-Time Heave 3.TrueHeave™ 4.TrueHeave II – The Next Step

4. 4 Position POS MV Position is a blend of Inertial and GPS data Position measurements are computed in a strapdown navigator using inertial data Errors in navigator are estimated and corrected by Kalman filter using data from aiding sensors

5. 5 Position Today POS allows for replacement of real-time heave with RTK position in echosounder data channels Loss/degradation of GPS, or corrections, causes vertical accuracy to degrade POS/MV RTK Position Error Vs GPS Outage Duration 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 0102030405060708090 GPS Outage (seconds) RMS position error (meters)

6. 6 Position – Tightly Coupled POS MV Tightly Coupled Position Kalman filter processes inertial, GPS ranges & range rates & raw corrections GPS aiding < 4 SVs Instant RTK lock recovery Better multipath rejection

7. 7 Real-Time Heave Characteristics of Real-Time Heave Made up of two components DC (pitch X lever arm) AC (vertical motion) Zero mean – filtered vertical motion Long settling times (3-7 minutes) Poor accuracy in longer period swells due to phase error in filter Unacceptable accuracy during transitions of wave encounter period Improvements Offered Filtering at “sweet spot” Adaptive setting for filter corner period

8. 8 Vertical Velocity Vertical Displacement Vertical Acceleration Real-Time Heave Filter The heave measurement can be viewed as a high pass filter operating on a double integration of vertical acceleration The high pass filter limits the accelerometer sensor noise in the vertical measurements channel Filter parameters are set to limit the phase error and settling time of the heave measurement Information from the Strapdown Navigator 1st Integration High Pass Filter Heave Estimate 2nd Integration

9. 9 TrueHeave – Basic Principles Heave Motion Characteristics: wave periods are generally from a few seconds to as long as 30 seconds high frequency energy 0.5 to 4 Hz. longer waves with higher amplitudes (generally) vessel characteristics affect vertical motion TrueHeave Filter Objectives: remove processing artifacts but not real motion no tuning required for varying sea conditions provide online quality measurement

10. 10 TrueHeave – How it works Additional data channel used to augment the real- time heave channel Raw vertical acceleration data, complete with unestimated sensor errors, is stored in memory Once three minutes of data is acquired, a FIR ~zero phase filter is passed over the data The delayed heave, real-time heave and time tag are output together over Ethernet for logging

11. 11 Real-Time TrueHeave Data Available to Filter Filter Point Data Available to Filter Signal Filtering

12. 12 TrueHeave – 30 sec 30 minute run, X Scale is IMU time, Y-scale is cm 12 cm heave precision observed in Real-Time 1 cm heave precision can be achieved with TrueHeave

13. 13 TrueHeave – Rapid Turn 10 minute run, X-Scale is IMU time, Y-Scale in cm Over 20 cm Heave variation seen in Real-Time 6 cm heave precision can be achieved with TrueHeave

14. 14 Real-Time Heave (3x) TrueHeave (3x) Courtesy D. Lockhart, Fugro

15. 15 TrueHeave Benefits Significantly reduced heave error due to ~zero phase error filter particularly true during long period swells Shorter turn times, line changes, run-ins, and easier shoreline surveys due to faster settling time of the FIR filter Produces a quality measurement on heave data

16. 16 TrueHeave Challenges Algorithm still has no ability to measure very long periods (>30 sec) or squat, dynamic draft & tides Higher accuracy (and cost) IMUs can push the limit to ~60 sec QC measurement is compared to real-time heave channel

17. 17 TrueHeave II – The Next Step Objectives To integrate RTK GPS and IMU data to obtain: the best estimate of the echosounder head relative to mean sea level a robust elevation which will survive GPS/RTK outages and data quality problems To produce an objective QC statistic for Heave

18. 18 TrueHeave II – The Next Step

19. 19 TrueHeave II – The Next Step KF Heave Estimator Tightly-Coupled POS Navigator TrueHeave Algorithm RTK GPS IMU TrueHeaveDelayed Ellipsoid Height Pressure

20. 20 TrueHeave II – The Next Step

21. 21 Final Thoughts TrueHeave is not the whole solution to solving the vertical motion problem IS using POS MV to measure squat, dynamic draft and tides interesting? If yes, Applanix is interested in working with other parties to further explore the opportunity

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