1. Who Computes? CS110 Lecture Adapted from the slides of J. McGrath Cohoon

2. Overview Amount & type of computer use Different use shaped by Education Social networks Cultural beliefs, practices, & stereotypes Discuss whether and why it matters

3. Take away Men dominate the creation of ICT Computing could be gender balanced

4. Who has a computer? Majority of U.S. homes 64% of White 45% of Black 73% of Asian 44% of Hispanic Rich Educated Current Population Survey data NO 38% YES 62%

5. Who uses a computer? Most home use 92% of age 15-17 Internet & email Current Population Survey data

6. No difference in amount by sex

7. Purpose of computer use Current Population Survey data

8. Professional creators of ICT Work in every industry Entertainment – animated movie images Finance – simulate the economy Health care – real time displays for telemedicine Defense – unmanned drones Education – educational software Shape the way we live

9. Monetary rewards

10. Show Me the Money 2004 Undergraduate Salaries Accounting$43,050 up 2.4% Economics/finance$40,719 up 0.4% Business$38,254 up 6.2% (mostly attributed to sales @$40,395 and marketing @$37,519) CS$51,042 up 4.9% Information Systems / Systems $43,471 up 3.9% Chemical Eng$53,659 up 2.1% Elect Eng$51,113 up 2.4% Civil Eng$43,159 up 5.1% Pharmacist$84,000 Liberal Arts$29,060 down 3.6% http://www.naceweb.org/press/display.asp?year=2005&prid=208

11. Who creates computing technology?

12. Who is prepared? Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS data

13. Total numbers in Undergrad Year 2004 Data From: www.cra.org 20,971 BS degrees in CS/CPE produced 17% women, 3.4% African American, 3.9% Hispanic http://www.cra.org/CRN/articles/may05/taulbee.html

14. Total numbers in Masters 9,141 MS degrees produced 25% women, 1.5% African American, 1.1% Hispanic New master’s students decreased 17% after having dropped 8% the previous year

15. Total numbers in PhD 877 PhDs produced in US New enrollments down 8% last year and down 5% the year before Total PhD enrollment is going up by 20% each year (they’re not graduating)! 18% were women Only 13 were African American (1.5%) Only 10 were Hispanic (1.1%) 48% were international students (May drop fast)

16. What attracts students? Positive prior experience Encouragement Math or logic confidence Career rewards, flexibility, opportunity I got addicted to that rush that you get with programming. - Female CS Major

17. Attractions for women Creative self-expression Communication Helping occupation Recruited by peers Defy gender stereotypes

18. Recruited by peers I came here as a Psychology major, had never touched a computer, had no intention of ever touching a computer other than for word processing. And a friend convinced me to take Intro to Computers … for non-majors. - Female CS Major

19. Defy gender stereotypes Everyone said, "Oh, my God, don't do it. You'll regret it. No, you can't do it. It's going to be too hard for you. You won't be able to do it." I was kind of, like. "You think so, huh? Well, in that case, screw you. I'm going to do it." - Female CS Major

20. Is CS becoming gender balanced? Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS data

21. Why are women underrepresented? Not the math or tech avoidance Social networks Cultural beliefs, practices, & stereotypes

22. Differences in math foundation? FEMALEMALE Calculated with data from the College Board

23. Mathematics SAT score? Calculated with data from the College Board Female % of intended CS majors Gender Gap in Math SAT

24. Can’t do the math? Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS data

25. International pattern No link between math achievement & CS

26. Don’t like technical fields? Data Source: IPEDS Completions Survey

27. Social networks How many computer scientists do you know?

28. Beliefs and stereotypes Men and women are essentially different I guess life just isn't fair until women grow chest hair, spit, chew, bench press 250 pounds, and write a computer program … - Male Computer Consultant on ZDNN, 1998 Who belongs in CS? Somebody told me…that it wasn’t the way that a girl thinks – Female CS Major Everyone looks at you strangely because you are the girl in CS – Female CS Major

29. Practices Practical considerations are few Freedom to “choose poorly-paid female- labeled career paths if they so desire” (Charles and Bradley, 2006) Effective strategies favor men Mentor assertive students Recruit students who fit the stereotype

30. Promoting gender balance Choice restricted and merit-based Educational requirements Supportive environment Action to equalize support Effort to attract women Counteract prevailing stereotypes Reach beyond established networks

31. Summary Most creators of ICT are men Reasons for gender imbalance Not math or tech avoidance Social networks Beliefs, practices, stereotypes

32. So what? Breakout for discussion of whether the gender balance in computing matters Present main points Discuss as a class