1. Lecture # 5 Light (Review of Plant Physiology )

2. Light is electromagnetic radiation, emitted when an electrical dipole (a paired positive and negative charge, separated by a small distance) in an atom oscillates and causes change in the field of force. The dipole produces an electrical and a magnetic vector, which are in phase but at right angles. Fluctuations in the field strength of these vectors are perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave, and hence, light is a transverse wave. What Is Light?

3. The Nature of Light

4. Characteristics of Light  The electromagnetic wave is characterized by both wavelength,  which is characterized by both wavelength,  which is the distance between successive positive is the distance between successive positive or negative maxima on the sine wave, and by or negative maxima on the sine wave, and by frequency,  the number of oscillations per frequency,  the number of oscillations per unit time. Wavelength and frequency are unit time. Wavelength and frequency are related by the velocity of propagation of the related by the velocity of propagation of the wave,   wave,  

5. The Dual Nature of Light  Wave - wavelength, frequency, velocity.  Particle - “photon”; each photon contains an amount of energy - quantum (pl. quanta). an amount of energy - quantum (pl. quanta). The energy content of light is delivered in The energy content of light is delivered in discrete units, quanta. The photon has no discrete units, quanta. The photon has no rest mass. rest mass. Quantum and photon are distinct concepts ! Quantum is the energy carried by a photon !

6. Characteristics of Light The energy of a photon (  ) depends on the frequency The energy of a photon (  ) depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, which is related to : of the electromagnetic wave, which is related to :   h  h*v  h = Planck’s constant   The greater the frequency, and the smaller the wavelength, the larger the energy of the photon. 1 mole contains as many elementary particles as there are carbon atoms in 0.012 kg of 12 C, or Avogadro’s number, 6.023 x 10 23, of particles. 1 mole photons (mole of quanta) = = 1 Einstein = 6.023 x 10 23

7. W HAT IS L IGHT ?  Light is an electromagnetic radiation coming from the sun. It has a wide spectrum – from cosmic rays (very short) to radio waves (very long).  Light behaves as a wave and has a wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more energy the light carries.  Our eyes are sensitive to only a small part of the light spectrum – from 400 to 700 nanometers.

8. W HAT IS L IGHT ?  Just like us, plants are sensitive to the same light spectrum range 400 - 700 nm, called a Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR).  Plants absorb blue and red light but reflect green and this is why we see them colored green. Actually, plants emit a lot more far-red light (800 nm) and if our eyes were sensitive to it, we would be seeing all plants as very, very dark red! Actually, plants emit a lot more far-red light (800 nm) and if our eyes were sensitive to it, we would be seeing all plants as very, very dark red!

9. A plant exposed to far red light A plant exposed to far red light grows fast - in height Once it is past that other green fellow it expands its green umbrella to revise its strategy for absorbing energy. Lars Bjorn Question: In what two basic ways does the plant use light ?

10. Ways a Plant Can Perceive Light  Light Quantity (photon counting).  Light Quality (photon ratios).  Light Duration (timing light / dark transitions). transitions).  Light Direction (photon gradients).  Light Polarization (dichroic photoreceptor).

11. TERMS: Photosynthesis Photoperiodism Photoperiodism Photomorphogenesis Photomorphogenesis Phototropism Phototropism Phototaxis Phototaxis Ways a Plant Can Perceive Light

12. Light Terminology  Photosynthesis : “making something using light”; continual input of energy is using light”; continual input of energy is required. required.  Photoperiodism : A nondirectional response to a nondirectional periodic stimulus. to a nondirectional periodic stimulus.  Photomorphogenesis : A nondirectional developmental response to a nondirectional developmental response to a nondirectional nonperiodic stimulus. nonperiodic stimulus.

13. Light Terminology  Phototropism : A directional growth response to a directional stimulus. response to a directional stimulus.  Phototaxis : A directional movement to a nondirectional periodic stimulus. nondirectional periodic stimulus.

14. Measurements of Light  Physical. Measuring the energy of light. Measuring the energy of light. Energy - J, cal, erg, ev (electron volts) Energy - J, cal, erg, ev (electron volts) Power - energy/time Power - energy/time Irradiance - energy/time/per unit space Irradiance - energy/time/per unit space (area, volume) (area, volume)

15. Measurements of Light  Psychophysical. Measuring the energy of light but Measuring the energy of light but tailored to fit the human eye. tailored to fit the human eye. Ft-c, lumens, lux (metric term) - all are Ft-c, lumens, lux (metric term) - all are intensity terms. intensity terms. Brightness - measures reflection from a Brightness - measures reflection from a surface. surface.

16. Measurements of Light  Phytophysical. Measuring the light detected by a plant. Measuring the light detected by a plant. Photosynthesis; Photomorphogenetic Photosynthesis; Photomorphogenetic processes processes

17.  Phytophysical: Photon Irradiance (400-700nm) -  molm -2 s -1 Photon Fluence Rate(2  or 4  sensor) Measurements of Light 2  sensor 4  sensor

18. Plant Response  Plant maintenance: The minimum photosynthetic irradiance for a The minimum photosynthetic irradiance for a foliage plant is that which permits the plant foliage plant is that which permits the plant to function at a level slightly exceeding the to function at a level slightly exceeding the compensation point at which photosynthesis compensation point at which photosynthesis is equal to respiration. is equal to respiration.  Native habitat  Production irradiance levels  Degree of acclimatization.

19. Questions to Ponder 1. What is Light Compensation Point (LCP) ? 2. What is CO 2 Compensation Point ? 3. How are the LCP and CO 2 CP related ? 4. Which is more likely to perform better in interior environment - C 3, C 4, CAM, or C 3 - C 4 interior environment - C 3, C 4, CAM, or C 3 - C 4 type of carbon fixation mechanism ? type of carbon fixation mechanism ?

20. CO 2 Assimilation (  mol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) Photosynthetically active radiation (  mol quanta m -2 s -1 ) C 3 plant C 4 plant 50 0 200 1000 2000 5. Study carefully the graph. carefully the graph. (question follows)

21. 5. Question: The CO 2 assimilation curves were obtained The CO 2 assimilation curves were obtained in a normal atmosphere (21% O 2 ). in a normal atmosphere (21% O 2 ). How would the two curves (C 3 and C 4 ) change How would the two curves (C 3 and C 4 ) change if the same experiment was conducted in an if the same experiment was conducted in an atmosphere containing only 1% O 2 ? atmosphere containing only 1% O 2 ?

22. Light and Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf

23.  Only about 5% of the solar radiation reaching the earth can be converted into reaching the earth can be converted into carbohydrates by a photosynthesizing carbohydrates by a photosynthesizing leaf. This is because a major fraction of leaf. This is because a major fraction of the incident light is of wavelengths too the incident light is of wavelengths too short or too long to be absorbed by the short or too long to be absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments. photosynthetic pigments. Light and Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf

24. The Plant Leaf - An Overview of Structure

25. The Architecture and Composition of a Leaf Maximize Light Absorption  Palisade mesophyll cells: one to three layers of columnar cells; they allow light to pass of columnar cells; they allow light to pass through. through.  Spongy mesophyll cells: several layers of irregularly shaped cells; they trap light irregularly shaped cells; they trap light passing from the palisade layer. passing from the palisade layer.

26.  Sieve effect: due to the fact that the chlorophyll is not uniformly distributed in the chlorophyll is not uniformly distributed in the cells but is confined to the chloroplasts. cells but is confined to the chloroplasts. This clustering of chloroplasts results in This clustering of chloroplasts results in shading between the chlorophyll molecules, so shading between the chlorophyll molecules, so that the total absorption of light by a given that the total absorption of light by a given amount of chlorophyll in a chloroplast is less amount of chlorophyll in a chloroplast is less than that of the same amount in a solution. than that of the same amount in a solution. The Architecture and Composition of a Leaf Maximize Light Absorption

27.  Light guide effect: channeling of some of the incident light through the intercellular the incident light through the intercellular spaces between the palisade cells, in a spaces between the palisade cells, in a manner analogous to transmission of light by manner analogous to transmission of light by an optical fiber. an optical fiber. The Architecture and Composition of a Leaf Maximize Light Absorption

28. The Photosynthetic Response to Light in the Leaf Reflects Basic Properties of the Photosynthetic Apparatus  Light Compensation Point : The photosynthetic irradiance at which the net CO 2 exchange in the leaf is zero. net CO 2 exchange in the leaf is zero. At this point the amount of CO 2 evolved by At this point the amount of CO 2 evolved by mitochondrial respiration is balanced by the mitochondrial respiration is balanced by the amount of CO 2 fixed by photosynthesis. amount of CO 2 fixed by photosynthesis. LCP for sun plants - 10 - 20  molm -2 s -1 LCP for shade plants - 1 - 5  molm -2 s -1

29.  Carbon Dioxide Compensation Point: The CO 2 concentration at which CO 2 The CO 2 concentration at which CO 2 assimilation is zero. assimilation is zero. At this point CO 2 fixation by photosynthesis At this point CO 2 fixation by photosynthesis balances CO 2 loss by respiration. balances CO 2 loss by respiration. The Photosynthetic Response to Light in the Leaf Reflects Basic Properties of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

30. The CO 2 Compensation Point reflects the balance between photosynthesis and respiration as a function of CO 2 concentration, and the Light Compensation Point reflects such a balance as a function of photosynthetic irradiance. photosynthetic irradiance.

31. The relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in the daily cycle of a plant. respiration in the daily cycle of a plant. Dark Increasing irradiance Bright Net loss of CO 2 Net uptake of CO 2 CO 2 Compensation Point rate of respiration rate of respiration equals rate of equals rate of photosynthesis photosynthesis Photosynthesis Photosynthesis exceeds respiration: exceeds respiration: food stored food stored Respiration exceeds photosynthesis: exceeds photosynthesis: food used up

32. Relative Light Intensity  (Increasing) Light Compensation Point Light Saturation point Light Saturation point More photosynthesis than respiration than respiration Net gas exchange More respiration than photosynthesis CO 2 evolution CO 2 uptake CO 2 evolution in darkness High High

33. Photosynthesis Leaf Age - months Dieffenbachia Palm 0 6 12 18 24