1. Chapter 1: The Nature of Statistics 1.5 Experimental Designs

2. Observational Studies & Designed Experiments Purpose of a study is to investigate whether a relationship exists between two characteristics Essential to distinguish between two types of procedures: observational studies and designed experiments

3. Observational Study Researchers observe characteristics and take measurements i.e. A sample survey Reveals causation

4. Designed Experiment Researchers impose treatments and controls and then observe characteristics and take measurements Can reveal only association

5. Principles of Experimental Design Following principles allow a researcher to conclude that differences in the results of an experiment not reasonably attributable to chance are likely caused by the treatments Control – Some method should be used to control for effects due to factors other than the ones of primary interest Randomization – Subjects should be randomly divided into groups to avoid unintentional selection bias in constituting the groups (make groups as similar as possible) Replication – A sufficient number of subjects should be used to ensure that randomization creates groups that resemble each other closely and to increase the chances of detecting differences among the treatments when such differences actually exist

6. Important method of control is to compare several treatments Placebo – Involved in one of the most common experimental situations – An inert or innocuous medical substance Treatment group – Receives the specified treatment Control group – Receives the placebo

7. Experimental Units The individuals or items on which the experiment is performed in a designed experiment “Subject” – When the units are human beings

8. Other definitions… Response variable – Focus of a question in a study or experiment Factor – explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter – Each factor can have different levels, called treatments

9. Example 1.12 The Golden Torch Cactus, a columnar cactus native to Argentina, has excellent landscape potential. William Feldman and Frank Crosswhite, two researchers at the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, conducted a thorough investigation of the optimal method for producing these cacti. The researchers examined, among other things, the effects of a hydrophilic polymer and irrigation regime on weight gain. Hydrophilic polymers are used as soil additives to keep moisture in the root zone. For this study, the researchers chose Broadlead P-4 polyacrylamide, abbreviated P4. The hydrophilic polymer was either used or not used, and five irrigation regimes were employed: none, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Identify the: – Experimental units – Response variable

10. Example 1.12 The Golden Torch Cactus, a columnar cactus native to Argentina, has excellent landscape potential. William Feldman and Frank Crosswhite, two researchers at the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, conducted a thorough investigation of the optimal method for producing these cacti. The researchers examined, among other things, the effects of a hydrophilic polymer and irrigation regime on weight gain. Hydrophilic polymers are used as soil additives to keep moisture in the root zone. For this study, the researchers chose Broadlead P-4 polyacrylamide, abbreviated P4. The hydrophilic polymer was either used or not used, and five irrigation regimes were employed: none, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Identify the: – Factors – Levels of each factor

11. Example 1.12 The Golden Torch Cactus, a columnar cactus native to Argentina, has excellent landscape potential. William Feldman and Frank Crosswhite, two researchers at the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, conducted a thorough investigation of the optimal method for producing these cacti. The researchers examined, among other things, the effects of a hydrophilic polymer and irrigation regime on weight gain. Hydrophilic polymers are used as soil additives to keep moisture in the root zone. For this study, the researchers chose Broadlead P-4 polyacrylamide, abbreviated P4. The hydrophilic polymer was either used or not used, and five irrigation regimes were employed: none, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Identify the: – treatments

12. Example 1.12 NoneLightMediumHeavyVery heavy No P4No water No P4 Light water No P4 Medium water No P4 Heavy water No P4 Very heavy water No P4 With P4No water With P4 Light water With P4 Medium water With P4 Heavy water With P4 Very heavy water With P4

13. Definitions… Response variable – The characteristic of the experimental outcome that is to be measured or observed Factor – A variable whose effect on the response variable is of interest in the experiment Levels – The possible values of a factor Treatment – Each experimental condition – For one-factor experiments: treatments are the levels of the single factor – For multifactor: each treatment is a combination of levels of the factors

14. Completely Randomized Design All the experimental units are assigned randomly among all the treatments Most commonly used and simplest design Not always the best Randomized block design – Experimental units that are similar in ways that are expected to affect the response variable are grouped in blocks – Random assignment of units to the treatments is made block to block

15. Example 1.13 Suppose that we want to compare the driving distances for five different brands of golf ball. For 40 golfers, discuss a method of comparison based on: A. Completely randomized design B. Randomized block design

16. Practice Problems P. 29-30 1.38-1.53