2. Stellar Forensic Files: What Dead Stars Tell Us About Living Ones Dr. Kurtis A. Williams Steward Observatory

3. In a galaxy, the life cycles of stars are the major force of change.

4. We must understand these life cycles to understand our Galaxy.

5. During its life, a star’s central nuclear heart is hidden from view.

6. We need to uncover and study this heart.

7. Like people, stars have life cycles

8. Stars are born from large clouds of gas

9. A star’s middle age is similar to an automobile

10. When stars get old, they get sick and die

11. This sequence is seen in the “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram” Blue Red Heavy Light BIG Small

12. A Hertzsprung-Russell Movie

13. When a star dies, its nuclear ashes are left behind

14. Gravity squeezes this ash into a very hot, compact object. Photo: Jones, Stern & Forman/SAOPhoto: NASA/Bond et al.

15. Eventually, gravity is stopped by “degeneracy” Photo: Psycho Therapy Clothing

16. White dwarfs tell us how much of a star is used as nuclear fuel.

17. A lack of white dwarfs tells us which stars explode

18. Star clusters without white dwarfs are still producing supernovae Image: S. Kohle & T. Credner

19. When white dwarfs appear we have reached the critical mass

20. There is a nice relation between the mass of a star and its white dwarf

21. Unusual elements in a white dwarf atmosphere may signify planets. Artwork: NASA/G. Bacon

22. White dwarfs have atmospheres of nearly pure hydrogen or helium Photos: Theodore Gray Photo: CRIACC

23. Gravity is so strong, other elements sink in a matter of weeks. Photo: Dartmouth Chemistry Dept. Art: NSBRI

24. White dwarfs with other elements must replenish them constantly © Anglo-Australian Observatory Photo: SOHO Image: NASA/DIRBE

25. Clinical studies of white dwarfs teach about entire stellar populations

26. White dwarfs in star clusters tell us how old the star cluster is.

27. Without an energy source, white dwarfs cool and fade

28. The coolest white dwarfs tell us how old a group of stars is Hansen et al.NASA, NOAO, and Richer

29. European Southern Observatory White dwarfs in the Milky Way tell us how old its various parts are.

30. The coolest white dwarfs give us the age of each part Stone dated 1923 Newspaper in wall dated 1957 Sign saying “Just completed”

31. The disk is young; globular clusters are as old as the Universe. Hansen and Liebert

32. White dwarfs tell us how matter is recycled and enriched. We Recycle!

33. This atmosphere has elements made during the red giant phase

34. White dwarfs provide forensic evidence on the inner workings and lives of stars.

35. Many parts of stellar life are hidden from view until a star dies.

36. White dwarfs are a window into the hearts and lives of stars.

37. By studying white dwarfs, we learn about stars long gone