1. Emergence of Civilization
Unit 1
Chapter 1

2. Objectives:
Understand the characteristics of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Eras
Understand the agricultural revolution and how its development led to the “Beginnings of Civilization.”
Know the characteristics of early civilizations.

3. After the year 0 scientists use the term
Before Common Era (BCE)
Common Era (CE)
Years
BCE means “Before Common Era.” It is the same thing as B.C. (Before Christ).
After the year 0 scientists use the term
CE for Common Era. It is the same as A.D. (Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord).

4. Terms to Know PRE-HISTORY ARTIFACTS Period before writing was invented
used pottery, buildings, bones, etc...to determine our best guess as to what life was like for them
ARTIFACTS
objects studied by archaeologists, shaped by humans, used to make our best guess of what life was like
tools, pottery, weapons, toys.

5. Terms to Know Technology
A change in thinking and practice about how we do something to become more efficient and productive with less effort.
Culture
The unique way that people live

6. Terms to Know ARCHAEOLOGISTS ANTHROPOLOGY
scientists who analyze ARTIFACTS left by early people
try to piece together what life was like
Three step process of gathering and analyzing
1 - find site
2 - start digging
3 - analyze artifacts found
a - determine location within/around a structure
b - determine age of the artifact
Vore Buffalo Jump
ANTHROPOLOGY
study of cultures, to gain a better understanding of their lives and things that effected them.

7. Stone Age Peoples
Stone Age - Period when people used simple tools made of stone (arrow heads, axe heads) before writing was invented
Old Stone Age - Paleolithic
New Stone Age – Mesolithic & Neolithic

8. Stone Age Peoples Old Stone Age Paleolithic Era
‘Paleo’ means Old Stone
Started about 2.5 Million years ago.
Africa, China, Asia, Europe, and Americas

9. Old Stone Age Peoples Characteristics
Nomadic
Move with and in search of food
Fished, hunted, gathered plants, roots, fruits, nuts and seeds.
Travel in groups of related families
No permanent shelters
lived in caves and lean-tos
Some organizational structures
limited spoken languages
Wore animal skins

10. Old Stone Age Peoples Learned to control fire
light, cooking, protection and warmth
Simple tools start to become more specialized
Used bone & stone chipped to make sharp edges
needles, axes, fish hooks, arrow heads, spear points

11. Old Stone Age Peoples
Some basic religious beliefs but no real structure
Cave drawings could help a hunt be productive
Burying dead with food – Belief in an afterlife

12. End of Paleolithic Era/ Old Stone Age
Marked by the end of the last Ice Age
Glaciers start to melt and move back towards the poles
Land bridges become covered with water as the oceans start to fill back up
Believed to be the way in which people first came to this continent from Africa and Europe, following herds
Changed the climate of many areas, deserts appeared with new plants

13. New Stone Age Peoples Stone Age Mesolithic Era ‘Meso’ meaning middle
Lasted about 10,000 years
18,000 B.C.E. to 8000 B.C.E.
Africa, China, Asia, Europe, Americas and Middle East (Mesopotamia)

14. New Stone Age Peoples Mesolithic Era Developed the Bow and Harpoons
Tamed dogs, used for hunting of small animals
Built canoes from hollowed out logs
Cross large rivers
Fish in deep waters

15. New Stone Age Peoples Neolithic Era ‘Neo’ meaning New
Lasted about 4000 years
8000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E.
Started grinding and polishing tools to sharper points and edges

16. New Stone Age Peoples Agricultural Revolution Permanent settlements
Change from hunting and moving to farming
Domesticated Animals – For work and food
Dogs, Sheep, goats and pigs
Women farmed, men hunted
Permanent settlements
Villages
Built houses
Some remained hunters & gatherers and nomadic

17. New Stone Age Peoples Growth of political structure
Council of Elders
Make decisions
Settle disputes
Developed more complete spoken languages
Specialized tools
Hoes – Granite
Cloth – Wool
Nets for fishing
Pottery for cooking

18. New Stone Age Peoples Used animals for work
Oxen to pull plows
fertilizers
Work more land, harvest more crops
Support larger population
Simple religions based upon nature
Gods control the forces of nature
Polytheistic – the belief in more than one god

19. New Stone Age Peoples Transportation Improvements Metals used
Wheel is invented
improved land transportation
replaced the wooden sleds
Sails
for water transportation
Quicker, more efficient means of travel
Metals used
Copper is the first
Bronze
mix of copper and tin - stronger metal

20. New Stone Age Peoples
By 3000 B.C.E. all of these inventions and items are in use in some part of the world, BUT NOT ALL.
Change in the way people lived and survived
Brings more technological advances

21. Emergence of Civilization
CIVITAS - Latin word meaning 'cities‘
Cities emerge at the end of the Neolithic era
First Civilizations develops in four different areas independently of each other.

22. 5 Characteristics of Civilization
1- Surplus of Food
2- Complex Institutions
More complex government and religious
High level of cooperation for the benefit of the group
Technology Advances
3- Division of Labor
Different people doing different jobs
Creates a class of skilled worked called Artisans
Merchants and Traders

23. 5 Characteristics of Civilization
4- Writing - Record Keeping
Priests were the first to start using marks or drawings which evolved into writing
Needed to keep track of when to do important ceremonies and rituals to keep the gods happy
A sacrifice at the wrong time could ruin a crop
Scribes –
Those who mastered the writing and reading of the symbols – Keep Secretive
Government
Births, deaths, taxes
Ownership, marriages, business contracts, etc..
Became a way to pass down traditions, learning, wisdom, information, ideas and religious beliefs

24. Characteristics of Civilization
5- Calendar – at first, based on the moon for growing season
Needed to know when river would flood
Time from flood to flood was a year
Time from full moon to next full moon was a month
Not completely accurate – about 11 days off

25. GROWTH OF CITIES
4 Areas of the world develop independently of each other
Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Middle East
Valley of the Nile River in Africa – Egypt
Indus River Valley in South Asia – India
Yellow River Valley East Asia - China
All Develop around Rivers
Fertile soil
Rivers consistently flood every year
Bring moisture to the land
Can be used for Transportation and food
Fish and animals

26. GROWTH OF CITIES – Govt.
Construction projects increased as number of people increased
Organized projects
Clear land for farming
Irrigation systems for dry times of the year
Temples and palaces
Defense of cities from invaders - increased size and power of government

27. Religion
POLYTHEISTIC - Belief in many Gods and Goddesses that control the forces of nature
Believed in spirits
Believed that the Gods controlled forces of nature
Gave sacrifices to win the gods favor and get peace, good harvests, rainfall, etc.
Gave thanks to Gods when the outcome was favorable
Wanted to keep the Gods happy
Priests gained power because they carried out the rituals to keep the gods happy
Powerful positions in the governments

28. Religion THEOCRACY - Government controlled by a church or religion
Military leaders worked in conjunction with priests to keep the gods happy and provided a defense against enemies
Military leaders increased in power
Became judges, made laws, supervised building projects
Collected taxes - earliest system of taxation
Labor for construction projects
Part of harvest
Used to pay for government and building projects

29. Economy and Society Technology was important
made work easier, faster and more efficient
Bronze Age - Vessels, tool, weapons, longer lasting
Farming improved
Develop use of irrigation through ditches and canals
Fewer farms needed
Excess food used for trading with merchants for goods
Barter Economy - Trading goods or services for something you need
Creates a demand for more specialized skills and goods
Still used to some extent today
Social structure starts to change
Social Classes - Defines a persons place in society
Movement between classes
THEN --> No movement – born there die there
NOW --> Movement is possible but still hard

30. Social Classes
Kids generally took over parents profession or occupation
Artisans - People with a specialized skill or trade
Indentured Servants
People working off debts

31. Family Women managed the family
Cared for children, prepared food, made clothing
Probably invented weaving and pottery making
Probably discovered plants could be grown from seeds
Increased women’s power and status as primary food provider
Lead to the Agricultural Revolution and drastic change in the way people lived.
As technology increased men became the primary food providers and primary authorities in society

32. Important Point to Note
Although civilization developed in different areas and at different times there was still limited contact between them
Trading
Migration
Wars
Brought a spread of ideas, skills, and a diversity of culture – Cultural Diffusion

33. The End