1. Early Humans Review -Human Beginnings and Migrations -The Stone Age -Early Human Tools -The 7 Characteristics of a Civilization

2. Archaeologist a person who studies human history using artifacts and fossils

3. Artifact a human-made object

4. Fossils The remains of plants or animals. These can be bones or imprints found in layers of rock

5. Early Humans Originated in Africa Hominins = Walk upright The first man-like creatures 4.5 million years ago

6. Early Humans During the last Ice Age (100,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE), the water level in the oceans dropped This revealed the Bering Land Bridge, connecting Asia to North America

7. Migration When a large group of people or animals moves from one place to another Humans originated in Africa and slowly migrated to different parts of the world over thousands of years

8. Nomadic People who move from place to place without a permanent home Humans were nomadic until the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE – 2,000 BCE) This means humans moved from place to place for millions of years and migrated to different parts of the world

9. Where did Humans Settle? 150,000 BCE Humans were living in Africa because of the warm weather Plenty of food was available (fruits, berries, and animals)

10. Where did Humans Settle? 80,000 BCE Earth’s climate turned much colder. Humans migrated to Southwest Asia in search of food and water

11. Where did Humans Settle? 40,000 BCE The Ice Age came to an end, so people started moving further north into Europe

12. Where did Humans Settle? 15,000 BCE Humans migrated from Asia to North America through the Bering Land Bridge

13. The Stone Age The Stone Age lasted almost 2 million years! The Stone Age is divided into 3 different time periods: Paleolithic (Paleo = Early) Mesolithic (Meso = Middle) Neolithic (Neo = New)

14. The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE) The climate went through an Ice Age and began to warm up at the end Hunter-gatherers that moved from place to place They moved to follow their food sources and find places that weren’t too cold

15. The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE) Little technology during this time. All tools were made out of stone (mostly flint)

16. The Stone Age Mesolithic Age (12,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE) Climate continued to get warmer The microlith was invented- A small triangular shaped blade of stone used in knives and spears Other inventions: boats from hollowed logs, fishing nets and hooks

17. The Stone Age Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE) Agriculture: People learned how to plant and harvest crops People began to live in cities and towns The first governments were formed

18. The Neolithic Revolution People began to settle in the “Fertile Crescent” between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers This is where the world’s first farmers began Today, these countries are Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Turkey

19. The Neolithic Revolution Most historians believe that women were the first farmers They believe that the women noticed patterns in the growth of wild plants and learned how to cultivate plants Cultivate- Using land for growing crops

20. Early Human Tools Microlith- A small sharp blade made out of stone Spears- A stick or pole with a sharp point at the end Knives- A cutting tool with a sharp blade

21. Human Civilizations Civilization- A well-organized and developed society Why do humans form civilizations?

22. 3 Things Each Civilization Must Have Water Source Food Source Shelter

23. 7 Characteristics of a Civilization As humans began to settle down and live in one place, civilizations developed During the Neolithic Revolution, humans began to live in one place and were no longer nomads because they learned how to farm for their food To be considered a civilization, there are seven characteristics that must be present:

24. Characteristics of a Civilization Cities- Large populations of people with specialized labor. Not a small group of people

25. Characteristics of a Civilization Job Specialization- People learn specific skills and become an expert in one area. This leads to innovation and advanced technology

26. Characteristics of a Civilization Government- With so many people living together, leadership must: Make laws (establish order) Handle large scale projects (build roads, etc.) Establish defenses (armies)

27. Characteristics of a Civilization Advanced Technology (Public Works)- All advances, inventions, and processes created to make life easier. For everyone's good. (ex. irrigation, walls to protect the city, road systems, government buildings, etc.)

28. Characteristics of a Civilization Language (or writing system)- Formal, organized system. Used to keep track of their religion and beliefs. Used in government to keep track of their laws.

29. Characteristics of a Civilization Social Classes - Hierarchy based on what you can do. Over time, individuals inherited class status from their families.

30. Characteristics of a Civilization Religion- Organized system of beliefs. Religious leaders would conduct elaborate ceremonies to worship gods. Religion tries to answer questions about life: Where did we come from? What happens when we die? What is the meaning of life?