1. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 11

2. Computing Essentials 2015 11-2 Learning Objectives 1. Distinguish between the physical and logical views of data. 2. Describe how data is organized: characters, fields, records, tables, and databases. 3. Define key fields and how they are used to integrate data in a database. 4. Define and compare batch processing and real-time processing. 5. Describe databases, including the need for databases and database management systems (DBMS). 6. Describe the five common database models: hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented. 7. Distinguish among individual, company, distributed, and commercial databases. 8. Describe strategic database uses and security concerns.

3. Computing Essentials 2015 11-3 Introduction Like a library, secondary storage is designed to store information End users need to understand How information is organized in fields, records, tables and databases The different types of databases and structures Competent end users need to be able to find information that is stored in databases

4. Computing Essentials 2015 11-4 Data Examples of data include Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events Audio, music, photographs, and video Two ways to view data Physical view Logical view

5. Computing Essentials 2015 11-5 Data Organization Logic view – data is organized into groups or categories Character Field Record Table Database Primary Key Unique identifier

6. Computing Essentials 2015 11-6 Processing Batch processing Data is collected over a period of time and the processing happens later all at one time

7. Computing Essentials 2015 11-7 Processing Real-time processing Also known as online processing because it happens immediately during the transaction

8. Computing Essentials 2015 11-8 Databases Collection of integrated data Logically related files and records Databases address data redundancy and data integrity Advantages to having databases Sharing Security Less data redundancy Data integrity

9. Computing Essentials 2015 11-9 Database Management Database Management System (DBMS) DBMS engine Data definition subsystem Data dictionary / schema Access data dictionary form

10. Computing Essentials 2015 11-10 Database Management (Cont.) Data manipulation subsystem Data Maintenance Analysis Tools Query-by-example Structured query language (SQL) Application generation subsystem Data administration subsystem Database Administrators (DBAs) Processing rights Access data entry form

11. Computing Essentials 2015 11-11 DBMS Structure Database model DBMS programs work with data that is logically structured or arranged Model defined rules and standards for data in a database Five common data models Hierarchical database Network database Relational database Multidimensional database Object-oriented database

12. Computing Essentials 2015 11-12 Hierarchical Database Fields or records structured in nodes Nodes points connected like branches of an upside-down tree One parent per node Parent can have several child nodes One-to-many relationship Return

13. Computing Essentials 2015 11-13 Network Database Hierarchical node arrangement Each child node may have more than one parent node (many-to- many relationship) Pointers Additional connections between parent and child Nodes can be reached through multiple paths Return

14. Computing Essentials 2015 11-14 Relational Database More flexible Data stored in table called a relation Tables consist of rows and columns Tables related via a common data item / key field Return

15. Computing Essentials 2015 11-15 Multidimensional Database A variation and an extension of the relational model to include additional dimensions, sometimes called a data cube Good for representing complex relationships Advantages over relational Conceptualization Processing speed Return

16. Computing Essentials 2015 11-16 Object-Oriented Database Objects contain both data and instructions Organize using Objects Classes Attributes Methods

17. Computing Essentials 2015 11-17 Types of Databases Individual Integrated files used by just one person Company Common operational or commonly used files shared in an organization Distributed Database spread geographically and accessed using database server Commercial Information utilities Data banks available

18. Computing Essentials 2015 11-18 Database Uses and Issues Strategic uses Data warehouse Data mining Security Databases are valuable Protection necessary Security: electronic fingerprint scanner

19. Computing Essentials 2015 11-19 Careers In IT Database administrators Determine the most efficient ways to organize and access a company’s data Responsible for database security and backing up the system Employers look for Bachelors degree in Computer Science Technical experience Database administrators can expect to earn $67,000 to $98,000 annually

20. Computing Essentials 2015 11-20 A Look to the Future ~ The Future of Crime Databases Can criminal behavior be predicted ? Research institutions have been looking into patterns that could predict criminal behavior If patterns could be found... Just need to find individuals with these characteristics

21. Computing Essentials 2015 11-21 Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 2) 1. Describe the five logical data groups or categories. 2. What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing? 3. Identify and define the five parts of DBMS programs.

22. Computing Essentials 2015 11-22 Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2) 4. Describe each of the five common database models. 5. What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is security a concern?