1. Ch. 20: Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade

2. The Atlantic Slave Trade Portugal led the way in exploring the African coast Portugal led the way in exploring the African coast Established cities/factories for trade Established cities/factories for trade El Mina El Mina Luanda Luanda Other nations followed Portugal, brought competition Other nations followed Portugal, brought competition Development of sugar plantations = need for slave labor Development of sugar plantations = need for slave labor El Mina, a Portuguese coastal fortress

3. How Many Slaves Were Exported? As many as 12 million over four hundred years As many as 12 million over four hundred years High mortality + low birth rates = high demand for slaves High mortality + low birth rates = high demand for slaves Brazil received 42% of slaves Brazil received 42% of slaves Trans-Saharan slave trade was mostly in women in Islamic lands Trans-Saharan slave trade was mostly in women in Islamic lands Trans-Atlantic trade took men for agricultural labor Trans-Atlantic trade took men for agricultural labor

4. Development of the Slave Trade Portugal controlled most of it Portugal controlled most of it From 1630 on, competition increased From 1630 on, competition increased Dutch seized El Mina Dutch seized El Mina British Royal Africa Company British Royal Africa Company Followed by France Followed by France Purchases of slaves made through local rulers Purchases of slaves made through local rulers Slave prices were based on the healthy male – Indies Piece Slave prices were based on the healthy male – Indies Piece Triangular trade developed Triangular trade developed

6. African Slave Trade I

7. African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade Traditions of slavery deeply engrained in economic systems and social hierarchy Traditions of slavery deeply engrained in economic systems and social hierarchy In Islam, slavery accepted, but only non-Muslims In Islam, slavery accepted, but only non-Muslims

8. Slavery and African Politics Europeans tapped into the established slave trade Europeans tapped into the established slave trade Settled along the coast Settled along the coast Intensified the slave trade Intensified the slave trade Warfare typified much of Sub-Sahara Africa Warfare typified much of Sub-Sahara Africa Ghana and Songhay took advantage – became intermediaries in slave trade Ghana and Songhay took advantage – became intermediaries in slave trade

9. West Coast: Asante/Dahomey & East Coast: Swahili/Sudan Serve as examples of the impact of slave trade Serve as examples of the impact of slave trade Asante (Ashanti) rose to prominence during the slave trade Asante (Ashanti) rose to prominence during the slave trade Ruled along the Gold Coast Ruled along the Gold Coast Ruled for two centuries (1650-1820) Ruled for two centuries (1650-1820) Dahomey Dahomey Traded slaves for European firearms Traded slaves for European firearms Swahili Coast on the East Coast of Africa brought ivory, gold, slaves from the interior Swahili Coast on the East Coast of Africa brought ivory, gold, slaves from the interior

10. South Africa Bantu peoples in southern Africa were organized around small chiefdoms Bantu peoples in southern Africa were organized around small chiefdoms Southern expansion brought Dutch contact Southern expansion brought Dutch contact Settlers moving inland from Cape Colony looking for farmland Settlers moving inland from Cape Colony looking for farmland British control from 1815 led to warfare with Bantu British control from 1815 led to warfare with Bantu Boer Great Trek Boer Great Trek

11. African Slave Trade II

12. Zulu Rise to Power Shaka chief of the Zulu (1818) Shaka chief of the Zulu (1818) Created a powerful state that survived his death Created a powerful state that survived his death All of southern Africa was involved in turmoil called mfecane (1815 – 1840) All of southern Africa was involved in turmoil called mfecane (1815 – 1840)

13. The African Diaspora Slave trade not only forcibly brought slaves into a different culture, it brought foreign products into Africa Slave trade not only forcibly brought slaves into a different culture, it brought foreign products into Africa The Middle Passage was traumatic for slaves and often lethal The Middle Passage was traumatic for slaves and often lethal Africans in the Americans often employed in agricultural labor Africans in the Americans often employed in agricultural labor

16. Slave Societies in the Americas A hierarchy developed distinguishing saltwater slaves (newly arrived) from creole descendants A hierarchy developed distinguishing saltwater slaves (newly arrived) from creole descendants Creoles could gain more skilled work in better conditions Creoles could gain more skilled work in better conditions N. American slave population had a higher birth rate N. American slave population had a higher birth rate Less need for new slaves Less need for new slaves More cut off from Africa than slaves in other areas More cut off from Africa than slaves in other areas

17. End of the Slave Trade / Abolition of Slavery Abolition resulted from changes outside of Africa Abolition resulted from changes outside of Africa Main change was from European intellectuals Main change was from European intellectuals William Wilberforce William Wilberforce British stopped the slave trade in 1807 British stopped the slave trade in 1807 Slavery was finally abolished in the Americas when Brazil stopped the practice in 1888 Slavery was finally abolished in the Americas when Brazil stopped the practice in 1888