2. Sexual Reproduction: The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce an offspring that is not identical to either parent. So, what are the important parts?

3. Sexual Reproduction: The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic information to produce offspring that is not identical to either parent. What are some examples of organisms that are able to reproduce this way?

4. What is the advantage of having two parents? Advantage of two parents: You get more genetic variation: Which means… Because half of the DNA comes from the female and half from the male… You get a mix of traits—more variety!

5. How do you get so many differences in traits? Well, let’s start at the very beginning…a very good place to start! If you look at the DNA of any cell, you will find that each strand of DNA has a pair or partner.

8. How do you get so many differences in traits? Well, let’s start at the very beginning…a very good place to start. If you look at the DNA of any cell, you will find that each strand has a pair or partner. These are called homologous pairs One of the chromosomes from a pair comes from mom, and one comes from dad. They code for the same type of traits

10. All organisms that reproduce sexually have the ability to make special cells called GAMETES. Gametes: special cells that only have half of the DNA that all the other cells have Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells How do gametes end up with only half of the DNA?

11. MEIOSIS: The making of GAMETE CELLS Before we do this, let’s review MITOSIS! Remember PMAT?

14. Differences between MEIOSIS and MITOSIS: Meiosis: End up with four cells instead of two –Four cells are called GAMETES Each gamete only has HALF the DNA How does meiosis get four cells with half the DNA? Goes through PMAT TWICE!!

15. Meiosis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_- mQS_FZ0#t=57http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_- mQS_FZ0#t=57

16. http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm Meiosis Video clip

20. Gamete Fusion Gametes are AKA:

21. Gamete Fusion Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells Gamete fusion:

22. Gamete Fusion Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg Gamete fusion is AKA:

23. Gamete Fusion Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg Gamete fusion is AKA: fertilization Zygote:

24. Gamete Fusion Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg Gamete fusion is AKA: fertilization Zygote: sperm + egg cell = new “baby” cell

25. Gamete Fusion

26. ________ Twins

28. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant trait:

29. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant trait: the stronger trait - Use an uppercase letter Ex: Free earlobe =

30. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant trait: the stronger trait - Use an uppercase letter Ex: Free earlobe = F Recessive trait:

31. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant trait: the stronger trait - use an uppercase letter Ex: Free earlobe = F Recessive trait: the weaker trait - use a lowercase letter Ex: Attached earlobes =

32. Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant trait: the stronger trait - use an uppercase letter Ex: Free earlobe = F Recessive trait: the weaker trait - use a lowercase letter Ex: Attached earlobes = f

33. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes

34. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision

35. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair

36. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair Dimples No Dimples

37. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair DimplesNo dimples Widow PeakNo Widows Peak

38. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair DimplesNo dimples Widow PeakNo Widows Peak Extra Digits Normal Number Digits

39. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair DimplesNo dimples Widow PeakNo Widows Peak Extra Digits Normal Number Digits Double-jointednessNormal joints

40. Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number Free EarlobesAttached Earlobes FarsightednessNormal Vision Brown/Dark Hair Blond, light, red hair DimplesNo dimples Widow PeakNo Widows Peak Extra Digits Normal Number Digits Double-jointednessNormal joints Normal blood clotting Hemophilia

41. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype:

42. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: genetic make-up of your cells, Represented by two letters i.e. what your genes “say” Homozygus: Heterozygus: Phenotype:

43. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show

44. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes:

45. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad Ex: genotype: mom = dad =

46. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad Ex: genotype: mom = dad =

47. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad Ex: genotype: mom = dad = phenotype: mom = dad =

48. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad Ex: genotype: mom = FFdad = ff phenotype: mom = Freedad = Attached

49. Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype: what your GENES say Homozygus: FF or ff Heterozygus: Ff Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad Ex: genotype: mom = FFdad = ff

50. Punnett square or hybrid cross Mom = Dad =

51. Dominant vs. Recessive Hidden trait:

52. Dominant vs. Recessive Hidden trait: gene that someone has but doesn’t express Carrier:

53. Dominant vs. Recessive Hidden trait: trait that someone has but doesn’t show Carrier: someone that carries a hidden trait, meaning they have a heterozygous genotype and the recessive gene will not be expressed or shown

54. More Punnett square practice Mom = Dad =

55. Dihybrid cross Curly hair and widow’s peak are both dominant traits. If a mom was heterozygous for curly hair and homozygous recessive for widow’s peak. What is her genotype?

56. Dihybrid cross What is the genotype of a man who is homozygous dominant for curly hair and heterozygous for widow’s peak?

57. Dihybrid cross Dad’s genotype: Mom’s genotype::

58. Chromosome Pair #23 Gender:

59. Chromosome Pair #23 Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23 Girl = Boy =

60. Chromosome Pair #23 Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23 Girl = XX Boy = Xy

63. Chromosome Pair #23 Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23 Girl = XX Boy = Xy X Linked Traits: Traits that are coded for on the 23 rd chromosome

64. Anastasia

65. Romanov Family Tzar Nicholas Romanov (1868-1918)

67. Males & Females have Different Inheritance Patterns –ALL of a male’s X-linked genes are expressed. –Males have no second copies of X chromosome –Because of this, males can NEVER be “carriers” of X-linked traits or disorders. –Ex: Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Muscular dystrophy 67

68. More punnett square practice

69. Will baby Lyla be color blind? Lets do a punnett square and see

70. Do a punnett square of Ashley and Ken –XX and X c Y Then do a punnett square of Lyla and a partner –X c X and XY Then do a punnett square of Lyla and a colorblind partner –X c X and X c Y

71. Pedigree Charts (How to interpret) Girl = Boy = Married = line between circle and square Divorced = ----- dashed line between circle and square Children = vertical line down from parents Adopted = ---- dashed vertical line from parents Has trait = filled in Carries trait= half filled in

72. Pedigree Charts Go back to the dominant vs. recessive chart. Pick on trait and make a list of all your family members and write by their name whether they have the dominant trait or the recessive trait. Remember: Blond and Red hair are recessive traits, brown is dominant Blue/green eyes are recessive, brown eyes are dominant

73. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts TH STEPS WHEN INTERPRETING A PEDIGREE CHART  Determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease.  If most of the males in the pedigree are affected, then the disorder is X-linked  If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal.

74. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive.  If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.  If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

75. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts Autosomal Recessive Appears in both sexes with equal frequency Trait tend to skip generations Affected offspring are usually born to unaffected parents When both parents are hetrozygout, approx. 1/4 of the progeny will be affected Appears more frequently among the children of consanguine marriages

76. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts Autosomal Dominant Appears in both sexes with equal frequency Both sexes transmit the trait to their offspring Does not skip generations Affected offspring must have an affected parent unless they posses a new mutation When one parent is affected (het.) and the other parent is unaffected, approx. 1/2 of the offspring will be affected Unaffected parents do not transmit the trait

77. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts X-Linked Dominant Both males and females are affected; often more females than males are affected Does not skip generations. Affected sons must have an affected mother; affected daughters must have either an affected mother or an affected father Affected fathers will pass the trait on to all their daughters Affected mothers if heterozygous will pass the trait on to 1/2 of their sons and 1/2 of their daughters

78. Rules of interpreting pedigree charts X-Linked Recessive More males than females are affected Affected sons are usually born to unaffected mothers, thus the trait skips generations Approximately 1/2 of carrier mothers’ sons are affected It is never passed from father to son All daughters of affected fathers are carriers

79. Make your own Make a pedigree chart of your family using the dominant/recessive traits of your family you just listed Be sure to label each individual of your family Include as many extended family members as possible List the GENOTYPES of each individual

81. Mammals

82. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish

83. Insects