1. TRUE OR FALSE: 1.According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week 2.An average human drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime. 3.By the time you turn 70 most people will have lost most of their taste buds. 4.What is an atom? 5.Name the components of an atom. Daily Warm up Sept 6, 2011

2. T/F answers 1. True 2. True 3. False by the age of 55.

3.  True or False: 1. Your stomach needs to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks or it would digest itself 2. It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to produce human speech 3. Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears never stop growing. 4. Define the following and give me an example: ◦ Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond, Ionic bonds 5. In a chemical reaction what is the role of a catalyst? Daily Warm up Sept 7, 2011

4. True or False: 1.Your stomach needs to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks or it would digest itself 2.It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to produce human speech 3.Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears never stop growing. 4.Why do we need to understand the charges of atoms in Anatomy? 5.How can you tell if an atom is balanced? Or if it has a positive charge or a negative charge? 6.Name the three types of chemical bonds and explain each one.

5. TRUE OR FALSE:  Infants blink only once or twice a minute while adults average around 10.  What is an endothermic reaction? Write an example equation for this type of reaction.  Draw a picture showing how the enzyme lowers the activation energy and helps a reaction. How does it help?  If the atomic number is 12 draw the structure of the atom. How many valance electrons does it have?  Can you list one function of any of the following on your body: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids? Daily Warm Up 9/8/2011

6. 1. What is the saturation point in a reaction using enzymes? 2. What can cause an enzyme to denature? 3. What is one difference between inorganic compounds and organic compounds? 4. What are the four organic compounds? 5. What happens when you have too much of Iron (Fe- an inorganic compound) (We talked about the disease first day of chem) 6. Are carbohydrates used in long term or short term energy?

8. Chemical Basis for Life Chapter 2

9. Why do we need Chemistry in A and P? Your human body is a highly organized and ever changing collection of chemicals. There is also a very specific amount of each of these chemicals in your body. What do you think might happen if any of these chemicals are out of balance?

10.  Any change in any of the chemicals in your body can have drastic affects on your health and could even cause death.  For example: if you have too little iron in your body this can lead to a disease known as anemia. hemochromatosis-  On the flip side, if you have too much iron you have hemochromatosis- which can eventually destroy your heart pancreas and liver.

11.  Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.  Matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest particles of an element that still have all the properties of an element.

12.  States of Matter ◦ Solid ◦ Liquid ◦ Gas

13.  All matter is composed of substances called ELEMENTS.  Elements are what you find on the periodic table. Can anyone name any Elements?

14. What do you think are some of the major elements found in the human body?

15.  Living organisms require about 20 elements (There are 92 elements in nature and 19 made)  Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up more than 95% of the human body.  The other elements include: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium and many other trace elements (meaning they have a very small amount: iron, zinc, copper, etc)

16.  Smallest amount of an element  Made up of 3 subatomic particles ◦ Neutrons (o) = neutral/no charge ◦ Protons (+) = positive charge ◦ Electrons (-) = negative charge

17.  Protons and Neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.  Electrons are in motion in the space around the nucleus. # E- = # P+ Why is this important and what does it have to do with anatomy?

18. The positive charge from the Proton and the Negative charge from the electron balance out the charge of the atom. These charges are what eventually aid in forming combinations of atoms- or chemical compounds …for example: water is made from Hydrogen and Oxygen.

19. Atoms An element’s atomic number = the # of protons and # of electrons the element has Atomic # Carbon has 6 electrons and 6 protons

20.  Electrons are distributed into energy levels that surround the nucleus  An atom can only have a maximum of 2 e- in the first energy level, 8 in the second, 18 in the 3 rd and 32 in the 4 th  Valance electrons: the electrons on an Atom’s outermost energy level

21. Nucleus What would the electron distribution for Calcium with an atomic number of 20 be? How does this reflect to the Matterville analogy?

22. Nucleus What would the electron distribution for Neon with an atomic number of 10 be?

24. Draw a Neon atom with an atomic number of 10 How many valence electrons does this atom have?

25.  STOP POINT!  Atomic structure hand out

26. Chemical compounds are formed by chemical bonds. Atoms either lose electrons, gain electrons or share their electrons in order to form a bond with other atoms in your body. Atoms that lose or gain and electron are called ions (it is now chemically charged…the charges don’t balance)

27. Example: Na+Cl- *Na loses an electron *Cl gains an electron (they exchange electrons) The opposite charges attract and form a bond called an ionic bond

28. Covalent bonds form when atoms share their electrons instead of exchanging them. Example: Carbon molecule:

29. H and O form a covalent bond that creates the molecule water. This molecule has + and – poles! These charges cause the water molecules to bind loosely to each other. This loose binding is known as a Hydrogen bond ( Hydrogen bond because Hydrogen is involved) Water is a polar molecule because of the charge. Why can water travel easily through a cell membrane again?

30. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds. What do you think that means? How would this be helpful in the body? Many systems require water so the molecules need to be able to break apart easily for easy transport.

31.  STOP POINT!  IN SMALL GROUPS Demonstrate Hydrogen bonding with Penny Lab  Hydrogen bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent bonds.

32.  Chemical Reaction – a process that changes one set of chemicals into another. ◦ Involves the breaking and forming of new bonds. Quantity remains the same. 1 + 1 = 2 1 + 1  2 If this represented a chemical reaction, then 1=reactants and 2 = product The reactants “react” to form the product.

33. Synthesis/Anabolic Reaction: when two or more atoms bond to form a more complex structure. Example: fixing worn or damaged tissues requires a build up of smaller molecules coming together to make a larger molecule. A + B AB

34. Decomposition/catabolic reaction: When a bond holding atoms together breaks and produces a simpler molecule. Example: Is needed for foods to be digested and energy to be released for your body to use. AB A + B

35.  All reactions need energy to occur.  Activation Energy  Activation Energy – refers to the energy needed to get the reaction started For example, you must apply force when striking a match to get the fire to start.

36. Example: Sweating! The water that you prespire EVAPORATES to cool you down- BUT it requires energy to do this!

37. Example: Digestion, cellular respiration- usually involves breaking down molecules and producing energy.

38. Catalysts  Catalyst - a substance that lowers a reactions activation energy ◦ In other words, speeds up the reaction. Enzymes  Biological Catalysts are called Enzymes.  They speed up chemical reactions in the cells. However they are not essential, for the reactions can occur on their own

39. Enzymes The names of enzymes typically end in “-ase” For example: protease splits proteins into its monomers - amino acids. What do you think carbohydrase does? Splits carbohydrates (polysaccarides) into its monomers - monosaccarides. Also used for: protein synthesis, synthesis of RNA and DNA, etc.

40.  STOP POINT!  Enzyme Toothpick lab activity  Endothermic/Exothermic lab  Chemical Reactions Review worksheet. Hw if not done.

41. Inorganic and Organic Compounds The atoms and molecules that form compounds can either be inorganic or organic. What is the difference? Inorganic Inorganic are substances that can dissolve in water or react with water to release electrolytes. Why might these be necessary for your body? Organic Organic are substances that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and do not dissolve in water. Why might these be important?

42.  The main compounds are those that react with water and can release electrolytes.  Examples: Na+, K+, Cl- (any minerals)  Functions: They aid in muscle and neuron functions, acid breakdown and hydration.

43.  More specific Functions:  Potassium works with Sodium and Chloride to maintain pH levels and fluid distribution.  Calcium is required for the maintenance and growth of bones and teeth  Sodium also helps to control muscle and nerve functions  Magnesium helps the body absorb the Calcium it needs and helps protect the lining of your heart!

44.  Inorganic compounds can not be made by the body- they come from the earth and must be “taken in”…or eaten  What foods do you think may be inorganic compounds or minerals your body needs?  Vegetables or any plant, milk, some fish or seafood  What can happen if you do not have enough minerals or inorganic compounds in your system?

45.  Nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches and abdominal pains can occur from either too much mineral content or not enough.

46. Organic Compounds found in the body Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins What are these?

47. Carbohydrates What do you think the importance of Carbohydrates are? 1.Provide energy that your cells and body need. 2.Help build cell structures.

48. Carbohydrates Examples: 1. Sugars- 1. Sugars- Monosaccharides such as Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose 2.Disaccharides- 2.Disaccharides- Which contains two monosaccharides. Such as: sucrose 3. Polysaccharides- 3. Polysaccharides- many monosaccharides combined together like a chain. Such as: Starch, glycogen

49. LIPIDS  Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Lipid  Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen 1 Glycerol 3 Fatty Acid Chains

50. Lipids functions are: 1.Help in long term energy storage 2.Protection and Insulation 3.Membrane structure 4.Acting as a chemical messenger LIPIDS FUNCTION

51. Lipids can be: 1.Fats 2.Steroids 3.Phospholipids LIPIDS FORM How do you think the form relates to the function? Which type of lipid is responsible for what function?

52. Proteins Proteins Functions are: 1.Help in structure of bones and muscle 2.Regulate cell processes and chemical reactions 3.Help transport substances in and out of the cell. 4.Help fight against foreign substances Protein Forms include: 1.Enzymes 2.Hormones 3.Antibodies 4.Structural proteins

53. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Functions: 1.Form genes- store genetic info and transmit genetic information 2.Help aid in protein synthesis. Nucleic Acid Forms: 1.DNA 2.RNA

54. What are the four essential organic compounds found in living things? What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds in the body?

55. Stop Point: Organic Compounds Foldable

56.  1. What is the structure? (example: carbon, etc)  2. What is the smallest unit? (example: monosaccharide)  3. Give an example (ie; sugars, fats, etc)  4. What is it’s function?  5. The actual structural picture (should help you with number 1).

57.  Review Exercise do numbers:  2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31 (15 total problems)

58. 1.Growth: 1.Growth: change in size 2.Respiration: 2.Respiration: Obtaining oxygen, releasing energy from food and storing it in ATP, removing carbon dioxide 3.Digestion: 3.Digestion: breakdown of food into nutrients 4.Absorption: 4.Absorption: movement of substances through membranes into body fluids 5.Movement: 5.Movement: change in body position or of body part, internal movement

59. 6.Responsiveness: 6.Responsiveness: Reaction to change inside or outside body 7. Reproduction 7. Reproduction: production of new organisms (not required for individual survival) and cells 8. Circulation 8. Circulation: movement of substances in body fluids 9. Excretion 9. Excretion: removal of waste products 10. Maintaining homeostasis: 10. Maintaining homeostasis: regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition

60.  Water:  Water: provides environment for chemical reactions, transports substances, maintains body temp. (carries heat)  Pressure  Pressure  atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs, hydrostatic pressure moves blood  Food  Food  provides body with nutrients  Heat  Heat  higher the heat the faster chemical reactions occur in body  Oxygen  Oxygen  helps release energy from glucose (energy is then stored in ATP)  Sleep