1. As. prof. Beley N.N. Ternopil State Medical University about Horbachevsky Liquid extracts production

2. Extracts – are concentrated extracts are obtained from dried vegetable or animal raw materials with hearting or removing of extragent (menstruum). They can be classified : Liquid extracts (Extracta fluida), Soft extracts (Extracta spissa) Dry extract (Extracta sissa);

3. Classification depending on the type of used extragent: 1. Water extracts (Extracta aquosa) 2. Alcohol extracts (Extracta spirituossa) 3. Radio extracts (Extracta aetherea) 4. Oil extracts (Extracta oleosa) obtained by using of liquefied gases Liquid extracts are only alcohol and intended for oral use. In addition, standardized extracts (Extracta standartisata) or extracts-concentrates are separate group.

4. Liquid extracts - are a concentrated fluid water-alcohol extracts of PRM are obtained with ratio 1:1 - from 1 kg of PRM 1 kg of liquid extracts are prepared. Advantages: 1) The similar ratio of the contained BAS between PRM and extracts; 2) Ease of measuring of liquid extracts by burette in pharmacies and booties; 3) Possibility to obtain liquid extracts containing volatile substances (essential oils) without using of the menstruum evaporation.

5. Negative characteristics of liquid extracts: 1 ) Many of concomitant substances is extracted while obtaining of liquid extracts. 2) The appearance of sediment while a small temperature decrease or a partial loss of the alcohol. 3) A sealed plugging and temperature about 15 - 20 C are need at the storage. 4) They contain a large volume of the extragent so it is difficult to be transported.

6. Soft extracts are a concentrated extracts of PRM, which have the look of a dense, viscose mass and contain the moisture less than 30 %. They are not pour out from the container, but can stretch into yarns and then merge into a whole mass.

7. Soft extracts are obtained with hitting and evaporation to remove extragent

8. Characteristics of soft extracts Adventage: 1. Soft extracts are used as binding agents at the manufacture of tablets and pills due to high viscosity. 2. They also may be corrigents of syrups, liquids, elixirs. 3. Soft extract is used as intermediate products for a number of dosage forms (tinctures, tablets). Disadventage: 1. Inconvenience of their use and weighing. 2. They require sealed packages because: - at the dry air they are little dried and are become rigid, - in the moist air they are absorb moisture and become mold.

9. Dry extracts are a concentrated extracts of PRM have the look of a powder or porous mass containing the moisture no more than 5 %. They are obtained with evaporation of the extragent by draying.

10. Characteristics of dry extracts Advantage: 1. They should be considered the most rational type extracts. 2. They are easy to use. 3. They have the lowest possible mass. Disadvantage: High hygroscopic, as a result they are transformed into lump-like mass and lose friability.

11. Dry extracts Extracts whith limited concen- tration of BAS is received from HRM with highly active BAS Extracts whith unlimited concentration of BAS is received from HRM without highly active BAS

12. Technological process of liquid extracts production includes follow stages: 1. Sanitary preproduction 2. Preparing of plant raw materials (milling, sifting) and extragent 3. Obtaining of extract 4. Purification of extract 5. Standardization 6. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.

13. Methods of liquid extracts production: 1. Percolation 2. Repercolation (various types) 3. Bismaceration and its various modifications 4. Dissolution of soft and dry extracts

14. Repercolation is the process the successive application of the same percolating menstruum to fresh portions of the PRM. The principal object of repercolation is to effect the saving of menstruum by accomplishing the saturation of the menstruum, as nearly as possible, by passing the unsaturated or weaker percolate from one portion of the PRM through another portion, and again passing the unsaturated or weaker percolate from this second portion through a third portion. The we percolate from this last portion is generally set aside, to be used in succeeding operatiol upon the same crude PRM in the place of fresh menstruum.

15. Repercolation. Extragent is load in the first percolator, passes successively through all the battery of percolators and is unload from the last percolator becoming in the saturated extract. In each percolator significant difference concentrations is supported.

16. The methods of repercolation 1. Methods repercolation about Chulkov 2. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and uncompleted cycle 3. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and completed cycle 4. Methods repercolation about Bosyn 5. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM on the unequal parts (by pharmacopoeia USA and Germany) 6. Fractional maceration by CRSPL

17. Methods of repercolation about Chulkov Starting time (for 4 days): loading of percolators Working time (from 5 day) obtaining of final product

18. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and uncompleted cycle 1. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator. 2. The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator. 3. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for extraction fresh portion of PRM.

19. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM and completed cycle 1. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (80%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator. 2. The similar from the second percolator extract is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections for wetting, infusion and percolation in the following percolator. 3. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (100%) and three weak selections is condensed to obtain 20 % of final product.

20. Methods repercolation about Bosyn Fresh menstruum is loaded only in first percolator, formed extract is passed through all devices and final product is obtained from last apparatus.

21. Methods repercolation with dividing PRM on the unequal parts (by pharmacopoeia USA and Germany) Total mass of PRM is divided on 3 parts: 5 : 3 : 2. Selection (extract) from the 1st percolator is divided into: the finished product (20%) and weak selections is used for extraction in the second percolator. Extract from second – finished product 30 %, and 50 % - from third percolator.

24. Dissolution of soft and dry extracts is carry out in the Reactor

25. Technological process of soft extracts production includes follow stages: 1. Sanitary preproduction 2. Preparation of herbal raw materials (crushing, sifting) (crushing, sifting) 3. Obtaining of extract 4. Purification of extract 5. Evaporation of solvent for extraction (condense) 6. Standardization 7. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.

26. Technological process of dry extracts production may is carried out by two ways: Includes stage condensing 1. Obtaining of extract 2. Purification of extract 3. Evaporation of solvent for extraction (condensing) 4. Drying of slightly condensed extract 5. Standardization 6. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product. Without condensing stage 1. Obtaining of extract 2. Purification of extract 3. Drying of liquid extract 4. Standardization 5. Packing, packaging and labeling of finished product.

27. Methods of soft and dry extracts production: 1. Percolation 2. Repercolation (in different versions) 3. Bismaceration and its various modifications 4. Circulating extraction 5. Extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and extragent to meet each other in a battery of percolators with circulating mixing 6. Continuous extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and extragent to meet each other in special extractors 7. Methods of extraction, including grinding of raw materials in the environment of extraction, vortex extraction, extraction using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, electrical discharges et al.

28. Circulating extraction in apparatus of circulation-type Soksleta is repeated extraction of HRM pure extragent, which is circulated. HRM are loaded in the extractor and filled with an extragent loop just below the siphon tube. After the infusion begin to heat up cube. Couples of extragent, formed, raised in the refrigerator- condenser, where they are condensated and go to collection. Saturated extract again enters in the cube.

29. Circulating extraction in apparatus of circulation-type Soksleta 1. Distiller cube 2. Syphon tube 3. Extractor 4. Condensate collection 5. Refrigerator- condenser

30. Continuous extraction with an opposite movement of HRM and extragent to meet each other in special extractors Using transport equipment: augers, buckets, discs, belts, scrapers or spring-blade mechanism HRM is moved forward movement extragent.

31. Equipment for Continuous extraction with an opposite movement

32. Equipment for Continuous extraction Vertical screw extractor Disc extractor Spring-blade extractor Horizontal screw extractor Equipment for Continuous extraction Vertical screw extractor Disc extractor Spring-blade extractor Horizontal screw extractor

33. Purification extracts 1. Boiling, then standing in cool place and filtrating. 2. Boiling with adding kaolin, then standing and filtrating. 3. Alcohol-purification method: extract is evaporated twice, to add double amount of Ethylic Alcohol 96 %, standing in cool place on 7 days. Transparent solution to pour off, alcohol is evaporated to obtaining soft extract.

34. Thank for your attentive